农药对农田蜘蛛生态效应的研究进展

农药对农田蜘蛛的生态效应是进行农田害虫综合防治的生态学基础.本文综述了农田蜘蛛接触和吸收农药的主要途径、农药对蜘蛛的生态效应、蜘蛛对农药的抗性以及农药对蜘蛛的致死效应等研究现状.关于农药对农田蜘蛛亚致死效应的研究,特别是分子、生化、生理、行为等方面的异常,国内外报道不多,因此这方面的研究工作有待于进一步加强.参47     

Purification and molecular weight distribution of a key exopolysaccharide component of Bacillus megaterium TF10

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are organic metabolic compounds excreted by microorganisms. They largely impact microbial aggregate structures and functions. Extracellular polysaccharides (EP) in EPS are responsible for the formation of microbial aggregates. In this work, we successfully separated and characterized EP from EPS of the bacterium Bacillus megaterium TF10. Extraction of EP from EPS was optimized using Sevag''s reagent. Chemical characteristics, functional groups, and molecular weight (MW) distribu-tion of EP were compared with the harvested EPS and soluble microbial products (SMP). We found that the polymers of lower MW and free proteins were successfully removed by Sevag''s reagent. The higher MW components of EPS were predominantly polysaccharides, while the polymers of lower MW tended to secrete to the supernatant and were described as SMP. A part of the proteins in the EP was polysaccharide-bonded. Our results can be further used in elucidating the complex flocculation mechanisms in which EP play a major role.     

黑曲霉对海口城市垃圾焚烧飞灰生物淋滤作用的影响

采用黑曲霉淋滤海口垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属,通过定期监测淋滤过程中的菌体浓度,pH值和飞灰中四种超标重金属Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb在淋滤液中的浓度来探讨黑曲霉对海口城市垃圾焚烧飞灰生物淋滤作用的影响.结果表明:在生物淋滤初期,黑曲霉生长延迟,对飞灰中重金属的滤出作用不明显.随后黑曲霉菌丝浓度缓慢升高,淋滤液pH下降,4种金属在淋滤液中的浓度均不断增加,Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb分别在第12、12、9、12天达到峰值1.51 mg/L、75.72 mg/L、2.18 mg/L、19.09 mg/L.在第18天实验结束时,这4种重金属在淋滤液中的浓度均随菌丝球的出现显著下降.因此黑曲霉可有效去除飞灰中的Cr、Zn、Cd,Pb,并通过将其固定在菌丝球中,降低其在淋滤液中的浓度.     

A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

Escherichia coli inactivation by pressurized CO2 treatment methods at room temperature: Critical issues

This study aims to increase the inactivation efficiency of CO_2 against Escherichia coli under mild conditions to facilitate the application of pressurized CO_2 technology in water disinfection. Based on an aerating-cycling apparatus, three different treatment methods(continuous aeration, continuous reflux, and simultaneous aeration and reflux) were compared for the same temperature, pressure(0.3–0.7 MPa), initial concentration, and exposure time(25 min). The simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment(combined method) was shown to be the best method under optimum conditions, which were determined to be 0.7 MPa, room temperature, and an exposure time of 10 min. This treatment achieved 5.1-log reduction after 25 min of treatment at the pressure of 0.3 MPa and 5.73-log reduction after 10 min at 0.7 MPa. Log reductions of 4.4 and 5.0 occurred at the end of continuous aeration and continuous reflux treatments at 0.7 MPa, respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images suggested that cells were ruptured after the simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment and the continuous reflux treatment. The increase of the solubilization rate of CO_2 due to intense hydraulic conditions led to a rapid inactivation effect. It was found that the reduction of intracellular p H caused by CO_2 led to a more lethal bactericidal effect.     

郑州市环境空气污染变化规律研究

文章对河南省郑州市大气中的四种污染物臭氧、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和PM2.5的时间变化规律进行了分析,并初步探讨了日变化、年变化规律及其影响因素.臭氧呈现出单峰型变化规律,NO2、CO及PM2.5近似为双峰双谷型.年变化规律表现为单峰型,臭氧浓度在夏季达到最大值,冬季达到最低值,而其余三种污染物在冬季浓度达到最高值,在夏季浓度达到最低值.     

中山市旱季霾特征及数值模拟分析

利用观测数据、Hysplit后向轨迹模式以及WRF-CMAQ模式对中山市旱季霾特征进行模拟分析.中山市霾污染的天气形势以大陆高压型为主.当相对湿度在71%~90%时,气溶胶浓度和能见度的负相关性最显著,且当能见度减小到5 km以下时,PM_(2.5)浓度的大幅减小才能使能见度略有好转.最有可能引起中山发生霾天气的两条污染带,一条是沿中山至湖南南部,另一条是沿中山到粤东地区.WRF-CMAQ模式能较好地模拟出2014年1月份中山PM_(2.5)浓度、能见度的变化趋势以及广东省区域内灰霾的污染过程.在气溶胶质量权重及消光贡献中,硫酸盐的比重最高,在高相对湿度下,二次气溶胶的消光权重超过80%.通过中山PM_(2.5)过程分析发现,在霾过程,无冷空气时PM_(2.5)主要来自气溶胶反应、排放源和水平平流,贡献率分别为35%、15%和10%,有冷空气时水平平流的贡献最大,达37%;在清洁过程,无冷空气时气溶胶主要靠水平平流和干沉降清除,贡献率分别为-39%和-14%,有冷空气时清除以水平平流和垂直对流、扩散为主,贡献率分别为-29%和-25%,说明不同天气条件下霾的污染和清洁机制有着明显差别.     

小区域污水处理的多目标规划设计探讨

随着城市的不断发展 ,污水处理厂的规模、承受的负荷也不断增大。对小区污水处理设施进行规划设计已越来越重要。以生活小区为例 ,利用多目标灰色决策进行工艺选择 ,使处理设施达到社会、环境、经济效益的优化结合     

十溴二苯乙烷对蚯蚓亚急性毒性及微生物群落结构影响

新型溴系阻燃剂十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)生产和使用量日益增大,在环境中的检出率越来越高,其生态风险正受到广泛关注.然而,有关DBDPE对陆地无脊椎生物毒性效应以及微生物群落结构的影响知之甚少.探究了不同剂量(5、10、20、50和100mg·kg-1)DBDPE暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生长、行为...     

炼钢精炼渣气固碳酸化反应吸附CO2

采用炼钢精炼渣,通过气固碳酸化反应吸附CO₂,考察了不同吸附温度下精炼渣对纯CO₂和模拟高炉煤气中CO₂的吸附能力。实验结果表明：吸附温度对精炼渣吸附CO₂反应有显著的影响,升高温度可以提高精炼渣对CO₂的吸附能力;在400 ℃时,精炼渣吸附纯CO₂和模拟高炉煤气中CO₂的量分别为4.7 mg/g和9.8 mg/g;吸附温度升高到500 ℃和550 ℃时,精炼渣对纯CO₂的吸附能力强于高炉煤气中CO₂;在550 ℃时,精炼渣吸附纯CO₂和模拟高炉煤气中CO₂的量达到最高,分别为14.7 mg/g和12.9 mg/g。