PM2.5水溶性和有机组分对肺上皮细胞损伤及COPD相关基因和蛋白表达影响

为了检测大气PM_(2.5)对正常肺上皮细胞(BEAS-2B)的损伤作用和慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)相关基因及蛋白的表达变化,将PM_(2.5)的不同组分对肺上皮细胞进行染毒24 h后,通过MTT、荧光探针、Western Blot、单细胞凝胶电泳、实时荧光定量PCR、ELISA等方法检测细胞损伤、COPD相关基因和蛋白表达的变化情况.结果发现,PM_(2.5)可造成肺上皮细胞活性降低,且呈剂量依赖性,PM_(2.5)的不同组分对细胞造成的损伤也不同,有机相组分在细胞凋亡、紧密连接蛋白表达量、DNA损伤和炎症反应等方面造成的影响都比水相组分严重,而水相组分在氧化应激反应和COPD相关蛋白变化程度方面的作用都高于有机相组分.由此可见,PM_(2.5)可对肺上皮细胞造成多种不同程度、不同水平的损伤作用,其中,氧化应激可能是影响COPD相关基因和蛋白表达的重要因素.     

关于OHSMS的若干思考

从我国推行职业安全卫生管理体系的历史背景入手,客观地分析了中国企业建立体系的可行性,阐明了当前“体系热”中需要冷静处理的若干问题,并提出了几条建议。     

显微拉曼光谱在有机酸与大气单颗粒非均相反应研究中的应用

建立了使用显微拉曼光谱仪原位在线研究大气单颗粒表面非均相反应的方法,并将其初步用于研究不同温度下HCOOH与CaCO3的非均相反应.实验结果表明,显微拉曼光谱仪可以同时观察到反应过程中的反应产物、产物分布以及颗粒形貌变化等信息.通过对比常温和低温下的拉曼谱图,发现温度对非均相反应具有重要影响,获取了低温下甲酸气体向结晶态甲酸转变的过程.     

Effective degradation of tetracycline by mesoporous Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>WO<Subscript>6</Subscript> under visible light irradiation

Bi₂WO₆ was synthesized with a hydrothermal method at different pHs and used for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in water. The mesoporous Bi₂WO₆ prepared at pH 1 (BWO-1) displayed the highest adsorption and degradation capacity to TC due to its large surface area and more efficient capacity to separate photogenerated electrons and holes. 97% of TC at 20 mg·L^?1 was removed by BWO-1 at 0.5 g·L^?1 after 120 min irradiation under simulated solar light. Only 31% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 360 min irradiation although the TC removal reached 100%, suggesting that TC was mainly transformed to intermediate products rather than completely mineralized. The intermediates were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS) and possible photodegradation pathways were proposed.     

Distribution and desorption of perfluorinated compounds in fractionated sediments

This study provides particle-scale understanding of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) distribution in sediments collected from two locations in Tianjin, China. The sediments were fractionated according to particle size and density. Even though lower density carbonaceous fractions contributed only 17.8-22.3% of the total sediment mass, they displayed stronger affinity to PFCs with much higher PFC concentrations than in the heavy fractions. Hydrophobic interaction predominated the partition of longer chain PFCs while electrostatic interaction could affect the sorption of short chain PFCs in sediment fractions. The individual PFC concentrations increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length, and the concentrations of perfluoroalkanesulfonates (PFSAs) in the same sediment fraction were higher than perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) with the same chain length. Log K(oc) was in the range of 1.70-3.80 for C5-C12 PFCAs and 1.75-2.97 for C4-C8 PFSAs. Desorption experiments indicated desorption became difficult as the chain length increased, and PFSAs were harder to be desorbed than the corresponding PFCAs.     

Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd and Zn on aragonite and calcite mollusk shells

The potential of using mollusk shell powder in aragonite (razor clam shells, RCS) and calcite phase (oyster shells, OS) to remove Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from contaminated water was investigated. Both biogenic sorbents displayed very high sorption capacities for the three metals except for Cd on OS. XRD, SEM and XPS results demonstrated that surface precipitation leading to crystal growth took place during sorption. Calcite OS displayed a remarkably higher sorption capacity to Pb than aragonite RCS, while the opposite was observed for Cd. However, both sorbents displayed similar sorption capacities to Zn. These could be due to the different extent of matching in crystal lattice between the metal bearing precipitate and the substrates. The initial pH of the solution, sorbent’s dosage and grain size affected the removal efficiency of the heavy meals significantly, while the organic matter in mollusk shells affected the removal efficiency to a lesser extent.     

Effects of chemical oxidation on sorption and desorption of PAHs in typical Chinese soils

In situ chemical oxidation is a commonly applied soil and groundwater remediation technology, but can have significant effects on soil properties, which in turn might affect fate and transport of organic contaminants. In this study, it was found that oxidation treatment resulted mainly in breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM) components. Sorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene to the original soils and the KMnO₄-treated soils was linear, indicating that hydrophobic partitioning to SOM was the predominant mechanism for sorption. Desorption from the original and treated soils was highly resistant, and was well modeled with a biphasic desorption model. Desorption of residual naphthalene after treating naphthalene-contaminated soils with different doses of KMnO₄ also followed the biphasic desorption model very well. It appears that neither changes of soil properties caused by chemical oxidation nor direct chemical oxidation of contaminated soils had a noticeable effect on the nature of PAH-SOM interactions.     

基于水足迹-灰靶的安徽省水资源可持续利用评价

目前,在水资源可持续利用评价过程中,评价指标标准值及权重的确定均存在一定的主观性.针对该问题,本文以水资源时空分布不均的安徽省为研究对象,计算安徽省16个城市各类水足迹,并融合常规评价指标,基于PSR理论构建了水资源可持续利用综合评价体系.同时,采用熵权法对各评价指标进行赋权,选用灰靶模型进行计算,通过靶心度判断各城市水资源可持续利用水平的空间差异性,以增强不同评价单元之间的可比性.结果表明:2016年,农业生产用水足迹在安徽省16个城市总用水足迹中占比均居首位,在除马鞍山、铜陵、芜湖的多个城市中所占比重超过80%;工业用水足迹所占比重居次,马鞍山、铜陵、芜湖分别为45.94%、32.46%、25.17%,其余城市多集中在2%~10%;各城市生活用水水足迹和生态用水水足迹所占比重较小,均低于6%.2016年安徽省水资源可持续利用水平以中、差等级为主,大体呈北低南高的空间布局特征,优、良等级集中在皖南的黄山、铜陵、池州;压力层和状态层靶心度的空间分布与此相似,提升空间较大,响应层靶心度总体较高,未呈现明显空间差异性.     

纳米磁粉协同邻氨基苯酚优化活性污泥工艺运行效能研究

在纳米磁粉(NMPs)和邻氨基苯酚(OAP)的协同作用下,可以达到优化活性污泥工艺的运行效能和从源头上减少剩余污泥产量的目的.纳米磁粉和邻氨基苯酚被分别和同时投加到序批式反应器(SBR)中来进行实验研究.实验结果表明:在OAP的单独作用和二者协同作用下污泥产量分别减少了31%和25%.NMPs与OAP协同作用下对COD和TP的去除率比OAP单独作用下分别增加了8%和5%,出水NH+4-N的浓度和平均SVI值分别下降了58%和10%.连续运行36d后,OAP和NMPs协同作用下的脱氢酶活性比对照增加了6%,镜检发现:生物反应器中活性污泥絮体结构紧密,并且存在大量种类繁多的原生和后生动物.研究结果表明,在纳米磁粉和OAP的协同作用下可有效地实现剩余污泥减量化、改善污泥的沉降性能,并能抑制仅加入解耦联剂(OAP)对活性污泥工艺效能产生的不良影响.     

浙江金华秋季干气溶胶中主要化学组分的消光贡献解析

造成雾霾事件的主要原因是高浓度的大气细颗粒物污染.为了深入研究大气细颗粒物的消光来源,本研究采用高时间分辨率气溶胶观测仪器获得了浙江金华秋季PM1主要化学组分浓度及干气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数演变情况.结合有机气溶胶正矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)和多元线性回归方法,建立了拟合优度很高(R2=0.977)的细颗粒物中主要化学组分与干气溶胶消光系数间的定量关系模型.结果表明,观测期间消光贡献最大的是硫酸铵,贡献率为35.1%;其次是硝酸铵,贡献率为26.7%;二次有机气溶胶(SOA)、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶(BBOA)、黑碳(BC)及氯化铵的消光贡献率分别为14.3%、11.2%、8.7%、4.0%.在一些特定污染时段,BBOA具有最大的消光贡献,是导致此时大气能见度大幅度衰减的首要因子.