表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对四氯苯醌细胞毒性的保护作用研究

四氯苯醌(TCBQ)是高毒致癌化合物,而表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)是茶叶中主要的茶多酚活性成分.利用人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞,通过细胞存活率MTT毒性实验,探讨EGCG是否能解除TCBQ的毒性作用.实验结果表明,低浓度(5～40 μmol· L-1)的EGCG对TCBQ(200μmol·L-1)导致的细胞毒性有一定的缓解作用.此保护与EGCG和TCBQ之间的直接相互作用有关,紫外吸收光谱及高效液相色谱分析的实验结果表明EGCG降低TCBQ毒性的原因可能是其促使TCBQ还原为四氯氢醌TCHQ,并延缓了TCHQ的自氧化过程.     

全氟化合物同分异构体的环境行为及毒性效应研究进展

以全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)为代表的全氟化合物(PFASs)是一类新型持久性有机污染物,目前已经在全球自然环境、野生生物及人群中广泛检出,其环境与健康问题已引起人们的高度重视。传统的电氟化法生产工艺使PFASs产品存在碳链同分异构体。这些PFAS的同分异构体可能具有不同的环境行为和毒理效应。随着分析方法的逐渐成熟,目前,国外的学者已经在该研究领域进行了一些探索性的研究,并取得了一定的进展,而我国在该领域的研究相对较少。以PFOS和PFOA为例,在介绍了PFAS同分异构体的来源、命名和世界各地生产厂家的异构体组成等基本信息的基础上,还系统介绍了环境介质中PFAS同分异构体的分析方法、环境迁移转化差异及源分析研究;生物和人体的生物累积性及毒理学差异等;并对目前存在的问题进行了讨论,为今后PFAS同分异构体的环境问题研究提供相应的参考。     

复合人工湿地系统对低污染水总氮的净化效果及其微生物群落结构特征

为了解复合人工湿地系统对低污染水中总氮的处理效果及微生物群落结构特征,以表流-潜流-沉水植物塘构建的复合人工湿地系统为研究对象,研究该系统对低污染水中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO-2-N的去除效果,并采用高通量测序揭示各级单元微生物群落结构与差异性.结果表明:复合人工湿地系统在0.12～0.24 m3/(m2...     

毛细管电泳技术在纳米材料毒性研究领域的应用进展

纳米材料(nanomaterials,NMs)在各个领域的广泛应用导致其不可避免地通过环境暴露、职业暴露和医源性暴露进入人体.当NMs进入人体后,生理环境中复杂的生物分子都可能与NMs发生相互作用,不仅使NMs获得全新的生物学特性而影响其潜在毒性,还可能改变生物分子的结构和生物学功能而引发疾病.随着对NMs毒性效应研究的不断深入,能够详细描述NMs、生物分子以及NMs和生物分子相互作用形成的复合物的分析技术受到广泛关注.毛细管电泳技术(capillary electropho-resis,CE)以其高灵敏、高分辨、高通量、条件温和以及低消耗的优势在NMs与生物分子相互作用研究领域展现出巨大潜力.本文阐述了2010—2019年间CE技术研究NMs与蛋白质相互作用的动态行为表征、结合平衡分析、蛋白冠的形成和转换监测,以及NMs与其他生物分子相互作用的新进展.     

Identification of sources,characteristics and photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter with EEM-PARAFAC in the Wei River of China

• The source of DOM in surface water and sediment is inconsistent. • The DOC content changes differently in surface water and sediment. • The content of DOC in the surface water is lower than that in the sediment. • The DOM in the surface water had higher photodegradation potentials than sediment. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in rivers is a critical regulator of the cycling and toxicity of pollutants and the behavior of DOM is a key indicator for the health of the environment. We investigated the sources and characteristics of DOM in surface water and sediment samples of the Wei River, China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) increased in the surface water and were decreased in the sediment downstream, indicating that the source of DOM in the water differed from the sediment. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of the excitation-emission matrices (EEM) revealed the presence of terrestrial humus-like, microbial humus-like and tryptophan-like proteins in the surface water, whereas the sediment contained UVA humic-like, UVC humic-like and fulvic-like in the sediment. The DOM in the surface water and sediment were mainly derived from microbial metabolic activity and the surrounding soil. Surface water DOM displayed greater photodegradation potential than sediment DOM. PARAFAC analysis indicated that the terrestrial humic-like substance in the water and the fulvic-like component in the sediment decomposed more rapidly. These data describe the characteristics of DOM in the Wei River and are crucial to understanding the fluctuations in environmental patterns.     

沉积物中Pb和Cd对泥鳅的毒性效应及其基准阈值的验证

为探讨沉积物中AVS(acid volatile sulfide,酸挥发性硫化物)和SEM(simultaneously extracted metals,同时提取金属)对重金属生物有效性和基准验证的影响,以泥鳅为受试生物,以死亡率、鳃部渗血率和体质量变化为测试终点,研究了沉积物和上覆水中重金属Pb、Cd对底栖生物的毒性效应,并对文献中Pb、Cd沉积物基准阈值进行了验证. 结果表明:沉积物中Pb、Cd对泥鳅21 d的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度)分别为391、37.0 mg/kg;上覆水中ρ(Pb2+)和ρ(Cd2+)较低,对生物毒性效应贡献可以忽略. 经验证,Pb和Cd的TEL(threshold effect level,临界效应浓度)和PEL(probable effect level,必然效应浓度)基本符合其所代表的意义,Pb、Cd加标浓度(以w计)低于其对应的TEL时不具有毒性,高于其对应的PEL时具有明显毒性,介于二者之间时毒性不确定. SEM/AVS(物质的量比)和生物死亡率有明显的相关性,当该比值大于1.00时,重金属对泥鳅有明显的毒性效应.      

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways

The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g⁻¹ lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g⁻¹ lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.     

载硫活性炭微观结构和表面形态研究

为了增强活性炭脱除燃煤电厂烟气中汞的能力,利用汞和硫可以生成稳定的HgS的性质,研究了通过热沉淀增加了活性炭中的硫含量的改性方法,并以SEM、BET、TGA等方法,研究了改性对活性炭表面形貌、硫在活性炭中的分布、活性炭比表面积等性能的影响。结果表明,热沉淀改性方法可以增加活性炭中的硫含量;硫粘附在活性炭的炭链上量较多,孔壁较少;改性工艺降低了活性炭的比表面积,且改性活性炭的比表面积随着温度的升高而增大;载硫后,活性炭中元素硫和炭的结合被增强。     

摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水试验研究

试验采用摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水,研究结果表明,摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺对污染物去除效果良好,在BOD₅容积负荷为1.5 kg/(m³·d),HRT=5.9～4.7 h,硝化液回流比为1.0的条件下,系统进水中COD、TN和NH⁺₄-N的平均值分别为543.1、72.1和63.6 mg/L时,去除率分别达到93.6%、72.7%和98.9%,出水平均浓度值分别为34.1、19.5和0.7 mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级标准。试验期间MLSS最高可达到17 425 mg/L,同时保持SVI在50～70 mL/g的低范围内,污泥沉降性能良好。通过显微镜观察,反应器中生物种类多样,从而保证了摇动床系统极低的污泥产率(MLSS/CODremoval为0.1891),实现了污泥减量。     

铜/海泡石催化氧化CO和催化还原NOx性能的研究

采用浸渍法制备铜/海泡石催化剂,考察其催化氧化CO和催化还原NOx性能以及预处理条件和掺加稀土元素对其性能的影响,并用XRD、BET技术对其进行表征.盐酸和硝酸改性的海泡石载体都能使铜/海泡石在190℃左右将CO完全转化;稀土元素的添加对铜/海泡石催化氧化CO的活性没有显著影响;铜/海泡石对NOx有一定的催化还原性能,添加稀土后对其催化还原活性有明显促进作用.