Nanoscale zero-valent metals: a review of synthesis,characterization, and applications to environmental remediation

Engineered nanoscale zero-valent metals (NZVMs) representing the forefront of technologies have been considered as promising materials for environmental remediation and antimicrobial effect, due to their high reducibility and strong adsorption capability. This review is focused on the methodology for synthesis of bare NZVMs, supported NZVMs, modified NZVMs, and bimetallic systems with both traditional and green methods. Recent studies have demonstrated that self-assembly methods can play an important role for obtaining ordered, controllable, and tunable NZVMs. In addition to common characterization methods, the state-of-the-art methods have been developed to obtain the properties of NZVMs (e.g., granularity, size distribution, specific surface area, shape, crystal form, and chemical bond) with the resolution down to subnanometer scale. These methods include spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-corrected STEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). A growing body of experimental data has proven that nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) is highly effective and versatile. This article discusses the applications of NZVMs to treatment of heavy metals, halogenated organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nutrients, radioelements, and microorganisms, using both ex situ and in situ methods. Furthermore, this paper briefly describes the ecotoxicological effects for NZVMs and the research prospects related to their synthesis, modification, characterization, and applications.     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明:溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2+的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2+的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2+在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

基于变异系数-综合指数法的乌鲁木齐城市脆弱性评价

从生态环境、经济和社会脆弱性三个方面,筛选新疆乌鲁木齐城市2006—2015年近十年的34个具体评价指标建立了城市脆弱性评价指标体系,通过对指标数据进行标准化处理后,以变异系数法确定各指标的权重,并运用综合指数法对乌鲁木齐城市脆弱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:伴随着经济的快速发展,乌鲁木齐城市综合脆弱性逐渐降低,但长时间处于中等偏高状态;虽然经济、社会和生态环境的综合脆弱性指数都呈下降趋势,但生态环境与经济和社会发展不协调,以牺牲环境为代价从而获得经济发展的粗放型经济发展模式仍然存在。据此有针对性地提出了有利于乌鲁木齐城市未来发展的经济、社会与生态环境相协调的经济增长模式。     

臭氧氧化对陶瓷膜超滤工艺降低饮用水中浊度的影响

利用臭氧陶瓷膜超滤集成工艺,研究了臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤工艺处理不同浊度原水的影响.实验用陶瓷膜平均孔径为100 nm.结果表明,与不投加臭氧的情况相比,投加3 mg·L-1臭氧可将浊度为14、52、108和510 NTU原水的膜通量提高18.2％～104.9％,投加5 mg·L-1臭氧可将此值提高至21.7％ ～116.3％,而投加1～2 mg·L-1臭氧对膜通量的改善不明显.投加5mg·L-1臭氧可将CODMn的去除率提高至28.7％ ～46.9％,投加1～3 mg·L-1臭氧对CODMn的去除率无显著影响,膜出水有机物浓度有所升高.臭氧氧化后原水中小分子量有机物增多,降低了膜的有机物污染程度,有利于膜通量改善.集成工艺出水中2～3 μm颗粒物数量为10 ～36个·mL-1.臭氧氧化导致陶瓷膜过滤初期出水中颗粒物数量略微升高.本研究对于水中颗粒物通过陶瓷超滤膜孔的探讨,以及改善膜对颗粒物的去除具有重要的指导意义.     

中国石化化工行业二氧化碳排放达峰路径研究

石化化工行业是高耗能高排放行业之一,约占工业部门碳排放比例的10%,研究石化化工行业碳排放达峰路径不仅能推动工业部门尽早实现达峰,同时也为石化化工行业加快绿色低碳转型指明方向. 基于中国统计年鉴、行业协会、企业碳核查等多来源数据,在分析历史排放趋势的基础上,识别能源集中度高的重点行业和产品,采用情景分析法针对石油和天然气开采业、石油煤炭及其他燃料加工业、化学原料及化学制品制造业三大子行业中的炼油、乙烯、丙烯、对二甲苯和合成氨等重点产品,预测其基准情景和控排情景下的重点产品产量和碳排放强度,以及石化化工行业2021—2035年二氧化碳排放趋势. 石化化工行业在基准情景下排放量无法实现2030年前达峰,控排情景下将于2030年达峰,峰值为17.3×108 t. 通过能源结构调整、节能和低碳技术改造、低碳循环及高效利用等途径可以实现行业减排,与BAU(仅考虑石化产品产量变化,不考虑产品结构、单位产品能耗变化)情景相比,减排贡献最大的路径是化石能源利用清洁化改造,2030年相对BAU减排1.19×108 t,贡献率约44%;其次是加大节能和低碳技术改造力度和资源循环及高效利用,减排量分别为0.8×108和0.6×108 t,减排贡献率分别达到29%和22%.      

皮革行业化学品的管理现状

皮革工业是我国具有综合优势的传统产业,然而皮革加工过程使用的大量化学品也会带来一定的健康和环境风险,制革环保问题已成为制约我国皮革行业持续发展的关键因素。综述了国内外对皮革及其制品中残留的化学品和对制革工业排放污染物中化学品安全管理的相关法规、标准和限量要求;总结了我国皮革行业化学品管理的发展现状与存在问题;提出皮革化学品风险管理已成为行业发展的必然要求。     

Governance approach to China''s environmental challenges:Towards a theoretical synthesis

This paper reviewed recent research in environmental governance as a response to environmental challenges at various spatial, temporal and administrative scales. It documented the shift of approach from regulation to governance, and attempted to provide a comprehensive understanding why and how the transformation occurred. It also described major factors and forces of environmental governance, and discussed research advance in environmental governance theory. Finally, this paper summarized recent research findings on environmental governance in China, and listed policy recommendation for enhancing the governance.     

锦屏水电站及外围地区现今构造应力场的有限单元法模拟

现今构造应力场是评价工程地区稳定性最重要的因素之一，特别对大型水电工程建设具重要意义。为此、以锦屏水电站及其外围地区为研究区，在野外地质调查及室内综合分析基础上，并考虑到川西－滇北地区构造应力场对锦屏水电站及其外围地区的影响，运用有限单元法进行现今构造应力场模拟来评价锦屏水电站及其外围地区的稳定性，取得较好成果。     

太原市PM2.5预报统计修正模型及其应用检验

为提高太原市PM_2.5预报准确率,更好地服务于空气质量预报预警工作,在华北区域BREMPS（环境气象数值预报系统）预报结果的基础上,结合MR（多元线性回归）、BP（BP神经网络）和MLR（多层递阶）建立10 d的滚动修正模型,并对太原市2017年1月15日—4月15日ρ（PM_2.5）进行了修正.结果表明:3种修正模型对BREMPS预报的ρ（PM_2.5）小时值和日均值均有不同程度的改善,尤其是MLR修正结果在多项评价指标上明显优于MR和BP,其小时值的RMSE（均方根误差）由原来的42.46 μg/m3降至26.74 μg/m3,重污染和非重污染时段日均值的RMSE分别由未修正前的63.78、43.68 μg/m3降至28.52、21.27 μg/m3,日均值修正结果的基础评分从0.65升至0.88,预报准确率由原来的66.18%升至86.74%.从3种修正模型的构建来看,MR和BP方法对系统平稳状态的修正具有一定的优势,而对系统大幅变化的识别能力较弱,所以在天气变化时临界状态的修正结果误差较大,模型的稳定性较差.研究显示,MLR方法本身具有一定的自适应能力,稳定性和修正结果的整体趋势明显优于MR和BP方法,对太原市空气质量预报改进、重污染天气预警和大气污染防治等方面具有较大的应用价值.      

Dioxin induces expression of hsa-miR-146b-5p in human neuroblastoma cells

Dioxin can cause a series of neural toxicological effects. Micro RNAs(mi Rs) play important roles in regulating nervous system function and mediating cellular responses to environmental pollutants, such as dioxin. Hsa-mi R-146 b-5 p appears to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. However, little is known about effects of dioxin on the expression of hsa-mi R-146 b-5 p. We found that the hsa-mi R-146 b-5 p expression and its promoter activity were significantly increased in dioxin treated SK-N-SH cells, a human-derived neuroblastoma cell line. Potential roles of hsa-mi R-146 b-5 p in mediating neural toxicological effects of dioxin may be due to the regulation of certain target genes. We further confirmed that hsa-mi R-146 b-5 p significantly suppressed acetylcholinesterase(ACh E) activity and targeted the3′-untranslated region of the ACh E T subunit, which has been down-regulated in dioxin treated SK-N-SH cells. Functional bioinformatic analysis showed that the known and predicted target genes of hsa-mi R-146 b-5 p were involved in some brain functions or cyto-toxicities related to known dioxin effects, including synapse transmission, in which ACh E may serve as a responsive gene for mediating the effect.