Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area

Agricultural activities are the main source of non-point pollution in the Taihu Lake region, and therefore reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is imperative in this area. A two-year experiment was carried out in a paddy field of summer rice-winter wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake area, and the rice growing seasons were mainly concerned in this research. Grain yield, N accumulation at rice crucial stages, N use efficiency, as well as N losses via run off during rice growing season were determined under different N application rates. No significant differences were observed in grain yield under N fertilizer application rates of 135-270 kg N ha⁻¹ (50-100% of the conventional N application rate). Nitrogen accumulation before the heading stage (Pre-NA) accounted for 61-95% of total nitrogen absorption in mature rice, and was positively correlated with straw dry matter at harvest. Positive correlations were found between Pre-NA and straw (0.53, p < 0.05), and between grain yield and N accumulation after the heading stage (Post-NA) (0.58, p < 0.05), suggesting that increasing nitrogen accumulation after the heading stage is crucial for grain yield improvement. Poor agronomic efficiency of applied N (AE_N), partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP_N) and internal utilization efficiency of applied N (IE_N) were observed for the higher soil fertility and a higher N fertilizer input; a simple N fertilizer reduction could significantly increase the nitrogen use efficiency in this region. Nitrogen loss via runoff was positively linearly related to N application rates and severely affected by rainfall events. The highest-yielding N rates were around 232-257 kg N ha⁻¹, accounting for 86-95% of the conventional N application rates for the rice season. To reduce N losses and enhance N use efficiency, the recommendable N fertilization rate should be lower than that of the highest yield rate for rice season. Our findings indicated that nitrogen fertilizer reduction in the Taihu Lake area is feasible and necessary for maintaining grain yield, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, and reducing environmental impact. However, the longer-term yield sustainability for the proper N application rate needs to be further investigated.     

太湖流域稻田湿地对低污染水中氮磷的净化效果

对太湖流域稻田湿地设置3种布水设计——地表漫流式、串形沟灌渗滤式和弓形沟灌渗滤式, 研究连续进水方式下3种布水设计的稻田湿地对低污染水中氮、磷的净化效果及其产量效应. 结果表明:①在水稻拔节期和灌浆期,稻田湿地对低污染水中TN和TP的去除率分别可达77%~93%和87%~96%,稻田排水中ρ(TN)均在2 mg/L以下. ②3种布水设计对TN的去除率表现为漫流式>弓形沟灌渗滤式>串形沟灌渗滤式;对TP的去除率则以弓形沟灌渗滤式最高,串形沟灌渗滤式最差,但二者间差异不显著. ③弓形沟灌渗滤处理由于沟渠占田面积比例相对比较适宜,水稻籽粒产量最高(8 520 kg/hm2),比传统的漫流型稻田湿地增产5.2%;而串形沟灌渗滤处理因其沟渠占田面积比例(约14%)较大,水稻籽粒产量最低. 研究结果证实,利用太湖流域广泛存在的稻田湿地来净化周围的低污染水方法可行且效果较好.      

Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly serious in China since the 1990s. The increases of agricultural NPS pollution in China is evaluated for the period 2000-2008 by surveying the literature on water and soil pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and assessing the surplus nitrogen balance within provinces. The main causes for NPS pollution were excessive inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides, which were partly the result of the inadequate agricultural extension services and the rapid expansion of intensive livestock production with little of waste management. The annual application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides in China increased by 50.7 and 119.7%, respectively, during 1991-2008. The mitigation measures to reduce NPS pollution include: correct distortion in fertilizer prices; improve incentives for the recycling of organic manure; provide farmers with better information on the sound use of agro-chemicals; and tighten the regulations and national standards on organic waste disposal and pesticides use.     

AgCl/ZnO/GO光催化降解甲基橙的性能研究

为了提高ZnO对偶氮染料污染物的光催化降解效率,以AgCl和GO（氧化石墨烯）作为改性剂,通过水热法和化学沉积法制备了AgCl/ZnO/GO光催化材料,采用XRD、SEM、XPS、UV-Vis方法对材料的物相组成、微观形貌及光学特性进行表征;以MO（甲基橙）为目标污染物,探究其在可见光下的催化降解性能,考察AgCl含量、催化剂投加量、pH对其可见光催化活性的影响.结果表明:①AgCl的沉积和GO的负载增强了ZnO对可见光的响应能力,提高了光生电子-空穴产生、分离效率,同时增加了材料的分散性及其对MO的吸附率,因此AgCl/ZnO/GO光催化材料对MO有良好的可见光催化降解效率.②AgCl/ZnO/GO对MO的催化降解效率随着AgCl含量的增加而增加,随着催化剂投加量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,溶液pH对其降解效果有一定影响,但不显著.③当AgCl/ZnO（二者物质的量的比）为2:1、AgCl/ZnO/GO投加量为70 mg、pH为7、室温下经过可见光照射50 min后,AgCl/ZnO/GO对质量浓度为10 mg/L的MO的降解率可达98.93%;此外,该催化剂重复使用4次对MO仍具有88%的去除率,显示出良好的稳定性.因此,AgCl/ZnO/GO是一种高效、稳定的可见光光催化剂,在废水净化方面具有良好的应用前景.      

慈溪市农田表层、亚表层土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征

为了解多环芳烃在土壤中的迁移,研究了慈溪市农田表层土壤(耕层)和亚表层(犁底层)土壤中15种PAHs的含量及分布特征.表层土壤中PAHs的总量在70.4～325.1μg·kg-1之间;含量较高的几种化合物为萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)、荧葸(na)、芘(pyr)和苊(her)等,但主要以4环以上芳烃为主;Fla/(Fla Pyr)与IcP/(IeP BgP)比值分析表明,表层土壤中的PAHs主要来源于草、木、煤等的燃烧和汽车尾气排放.亚表层土壤中,PAHs总量为29.5～232.3μg·kg-1,以2环加3环化合物为主,单体PAH含量与表层土壤中含量的比值与其辛醇-水分配系数(10gKow)显著相关(r=0.923,P＜0.0001),说明亚表层土壤中PAH主要来源于表层土壤的淋溶,根据化合物的logKow值可预测其在土壤中的迁移情况.亚表层土壤中PAHs的含量与有机质的含量极显著相关(r=0.945,P＜0.0001),但表层中二者则无显著相关性(p=0.0887),表明耕作措施可能会对PAH在表层土壤中的分布产生影响.     

TiO2/生物炭复合材料处理低浓度氨氮废水

为研究功能复合材料对低浓度氨氮〔ρ(NH₄+-N)≤50 mg/L〕废水的处理效果,采用水热法制备TiO₂/生物炭复合材料,并在自制光催化反应装置中对低浓度氨氮废水进行处理,考察TiO₂负载量、温度、pH等因素对NH₄+-N去除过程的影响以及催化的最终降解产物.结果表明,TiO₂/生物炭复合材料能有效催化去除废水中的NH₄+-N,其优化处理条件:ρ(NH₄+-N)为50 mg/L,TiO₂/生物炭复合材料投加量为1.5 g/L,254 nm紫外灯照射120 min,TiO₂负载量为20%,废水初始pH为11.0,曝气量为150 mL/min.在优化处理条件下,当温度为60 ℃时NH₄+-N去除率可达100%,常温(30 ℃)下可达67%.反应最终产物中ρ(NO₂--N)非常低,并且无NO₃--N生成.研究显示,TiO₂/生物炭复合材料具有将NH₄+-N转化为N₂的良好光催化氧化选择性.      

长期施肥对太湖地区水稻土磷素转化的影响

对江苏常熟生态站长期施肥条件下的水稻土进行了磷素转化的研究.结果表明,不同施肥处理的土壤全磷(T-P)含量为926~934mgkg-1,只有对照(CK)比本底值下降0.49%,其它施肥处理的T-P含量都比本底值增加14.24%~28.0%,增幅最大的是半数秸秆 磷肥(1/2OM NPK)处理(28.0%),增幅最小的是NPK(氮磷钾)处理(14.24%).增幅最大的1/2OM NPK处理的T-P含量比CK增加28.0%,年平均增加2.9%;增幅最小的NPK处理的T-P含量比CK增加14.8%,年平均增加1.5%.有机磷(Po)占全磷(T-P)的比值小于无机磷(Pi)占全磷的比值,即:Po/T-P(15%~23%)O-P(143~101)>Fe-P(103~54)>Al-P(65~29)>Ca8-P(45~18)>Ca2-P(22~3);1/2OM NPK处理能增加水稻田土壤中的Al-P和Fe-P含量,而施用NPK肥有利于水稻对Al-P和Fe-P的吸收,因为NPK处理的土壤中Al-P和Fe-P含量只比CK大而比其它处理低;施磷肥会增加水稻土中O-P的含量.图3表3参23     

Organic phosphorus fractions in organically amended paddy soils in continuously and intermittently flooded conditions

Soil organic phosphorus (SOP) can greatly contribute to plant-available P and P nutrition. The study was conducted to determine the effects of organic amendments on organic P fractions and microbiological activities in paddy soils. Samples were collected at the Changshu Agro-ecological Experiment Station in Tahu Lake Basin, China, from an experiment that has been performed from 1999 to 2004, on a paddy soil (Gleysols). Treatments consisted of swine manure (SM), wheat straw (WS), swine manure plus wheat straw (SM + WS), and a control (chemical fertilization alone). Organic amendments markedly increased soil total organic phosphorus (TOP) and total organic carbon (TOC), especially in continuously flooded conditions. Based on the fractionation of SOP, organic amendments significantly increased soil labile organic phosphorus (LOP), moderately labile organic phosphorus (MLOP), and moderately stable organic phosphorus (MSOP) compared with the control. For SM and SM + WS treatments, LOP in continuously flooded soils decreased by 30.1 and 36.4%, respectively, compared to intermittently flooded soils. In organically amended soils, continuous flooding showed significantly lower microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and alkaline phosphatase activities (APA) than intermittent flooding. In intermittently flooded conditions, incorporating organic amendments into soil resulted in greater P uptake and biomass yield of rice than the control. In the intermittently flooded soils, APA (P < 0.05) and MBP (P < 0.01) were significantly and positively related to TOP, LOP, MLOP, and MSOP, whereas in continuously flooded soils, there was a significant (P < 0.05) negative relationship between MBP, TOP, and MSOP. Based on soil organic P fractions and soil enzymatic and microbiological activities, continuous flooding applied to paddy soils should be avoided, especially when swine manure is incorporated into paddy soil.     

The application of zero-water discharge system in treating diffuse village wastewater and its benefits in community afforestation

The proposed on-site zero-water discharge system was comprised of four main components: anaerobic tank, aerobic bioreactor, activated soil filter and water-collecting well. The results demonstrate that at 350 m³ day⁻¹ of hydraulic load, the system can effectively remove pollutants from the wastewater, e.g., 86% removal of COD; 87% removal of SS; 80% removal of TP and 71% removal of TN. The growth states of the grasses, macrophytes and arbors in the activated soil filter were better than the control. The life of the activated soil filter was estimated to be ∼12-15 yrs, based on the laboratory microcosm studies. However, humic acid contents and soil porosity have suggested that the activated soil filter was able to regenerate itself and thereby prolonging its life by reducing clogging of the pores. The results suggest that the zero-water discharge system was a promising bio-measure in treating diffuse village wastewater and benefiting community afforestation.