Water management affects arsenic and cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars

Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food and one of the major sources of dietary arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Asia. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four water management regimes (aerobic, intermittent irrigation, conventional irrigation and flooding) on As and Cd accumulation in seven major rice cultivars grown in Zhejiang province, east China. With increasing irrigation from aerobic to flooded conditions, the soil HCl-extractable As concentrations increased significantly and the HCl-extractable Cd concentrations decreased significantly. These trends were consistent with the As and Cd concentrations in the straw, husk and brown rice. Water management both before and after the full tillering stage affected As and Cd accumulation in the grains. The intermittent and conventional treatments produced higher grain yields than the aerobic and flooded treatments. Cd concentrations in brown rice varied 13.1–40.8 times and As varied 1.75–8.80 times among the four water management regimes. Cd and As accumulation in brown rice varied among the rice cultivars, with Guodao 6 (GD6) was a low Cd but high-As-accumulating cultivar while Indonesia (IR) and Yongyou 9 (YY9) were low As but high-Cd-accumulating cultivars. Brown rice Cd and As concentrations in the 7 cultivars were significantly negatively correlated. The results indicate that As and Cd accumulated in rice grains with opposite trends that were influenced by both water management and rice cultivar. Production of ‘safe’ rice with respect to As and Cd might be possible by balancing water management and rice cultivar according to the severity of soil pollution.     

基于GIS的洱海农村生活污水及其TN产排强度空间分析及控制对策

农村生活污水是造成洱海富营养的重要污染源,对其进行定量定点分析是开展农村生活污水治理的前提.本文利用GIS软件,基于普查数据,综合源强估算法和清单分析法,从水文、地貌和行政区划3个角度,对洱海流域农村生活污水及其TN产排强度进行定量估算和空间分析.在此基础上,利用加权指数法和因子分析法对流域进行管理分区,并提出相应的控制对策.结果表明,2012年,洱海流域农村生活污水平均产、排强度分别为2572.03 t·km-2·a-1和1919.34 t·km-2·a-1,农村生活污水中TN平均产、排强度分别为1002.23 t·km-2·a-1和747.90t·km-2·a-1;各小流域农村生活污水和TN产生强度大小均为:苍山十八溪流域波罗江流域东部山溪流域西洱河流域北三江流域,各小流域两者排放强度大小均为:苍山十八溪流域波罗江流域西洱河流域东部山溪流域北三江流域,苍山十八溪流域和波罗江流域是主要源区;3类地貌区农村生活污水和TN产排强度大小依次为:湖滨缓冲区平坝区山区,湖滨缓冲区对农村生活污水及其TN产排贡献最大;17个乡镇农村生活污水及TN产生强度由大到小为:经济开发区大理镇银桥镇湾桥镇喜洲镇上关镇邓川镇右所镇挖色镇下关镇凤羽镇海东镇凤仪镇茈碧湖镇三营镇牛街乡双廊镇,各乡镇两者排放强度依次为:经济开发区湾桥镇银桥镇大理镇邓川镇喜洲镇右所镇挖色镇上关镇下关镇三营镇海东镇凤仪镇茈碧湖镇凤羽镇牛街乡双廊镇,经济开发区是产排强度最重的区域.综合上述3个方面的分析结果,结合区域的功能定位,对洱海流域农村生活污水提出了"二级控制区3种模式"的控制对策.     

Trace elements (Cu,Zn, and Hg) and δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C/δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N in seabird subfossils from three islands of the South China Sea and its implications

Seabird subfossils were collected on three islands of the Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea. Via elemental analysis, we identified that bird guano was a significant source for heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Hg. Cu and Zn levels in these guano samples are comparable to their levels in wildbird feces, but guano Hg was lower than previously reported. Trophic positions significantly impacted transfer efficiency of heavy metals by seabirds. Despite of a common source, trace elements, as well as stable isotopes (i.e., guano δ¹³C and collagen δ¹⁵N), showed island-specific characteristics. Bird subfossils on larger island had relatively greater metal concentrations and revealed higher trophic positions. Partition of element and isotope levels among the islands suggested that transfer efficacy of seabirds on different islands was different, and bird species were probably unevenly distributed among the islets. Island area is possibly a driving factor for distributions of seabird species.     

High reduction of ozone and particulate matter during the 2016 G-20 summit in Hangzhou by forced emission controls of industry and traffic

Many regions in China experience air pollution episodes because of the rapid urbanization and industrialization over the past decades. Here we analyzed the effect of emission controls implemented during the G-20 2016 Hangzhou summit on air quality. Emission controls included a forced closure of highly polluting industries, and limiting traffic and construction emissions in the cities and surroundings. Particles with aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) were measured. We also simulated air quality using a forecast system consisting of the two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecast and Community Multi-scale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model. Results show PM_2.5 and ozone levels in Hangzhou during the G-20 Summit were considerably lower than previous to the G-20 Summit. The predicted concentrations of ozone were reduced by 25.4%, whereas the predicted concentrations of PM_2.5 were reduced by 56%.     

产业园区规划环评工作亟须解决的若干问题及对策建议

本文从应开展规划环境影响评价工作的产业园区类型和规划类型、园区扩区后的规划环评范围、规划环评审查主体和审查权限、规划环评主体责任，以及规划环评与“三线一单”和项目环评联动等方面，系统梳理了当前园区规划环评实际工作中面临的问题和困惑，并分析了这些问题和对园区规划环评工作造成的影响。结合当前规划环评面临的形势和要求，针对当前规划环评管理存在的问题，从管理要求、技术要求和衔接要求等方面逐一提出了相关的对策建议。为推进解决当前规划环评工作面临的主要问题，提出了做实园区规划和规划环评工作、细化园区规划环评相关要求、动态调整“三线一单”成果三个方面的建议。     

微生物与重金属相互作用过程与机制研究进展

重金属污染对土壤、地下水和农作物等会产生重大影响,并通过生物链危害人体健康.微生物在环境中广泛存在,在矿物分解、元素释放、迁移、沉淀和再富集过程中起着重要作用,进一步发掘对不同重金属具有耐受性的特异性菌株,探究其对重金属的解毒和耐受性的机制,可更好地为微生物用于环境修复工作提供理论依据.综述了微生物与环境中重金属的相互作用过程与机制以及微生物在修复重金属污染中的应用,结果表明:①微生物自身生长过程中产生的大量氨基酸、蛋白质和多肽等物质可与重金属鳌合,促进重金属的溶解和吸附过程.②重金属对微生物产生毒性影响,微生物通过氧化还原、生物矿化和甲基化等作用改变重金属元素的化学形态,降低重金属的毒性.③微生物对重金属的修复效果与重金属的存在形态有关,在实际应用中可先将重金属元素转化为易于被微生物吸附的形态,再利用特异性菌株进行生物修复.④根际微生物对植物吸收重金属起着重要的调控作用,但植物根系分泌物和微生物的新陈代谢产物对重金属形态及生物有效性的协同拮抗作用机制及其微观的界面过程尚未明晰,有待进一步研究.      

洞庭湖浮游植物增长的限制性营养元素研究

近20年水质监测资料表明,洞庭湖水体富营养化日趋严重。洞庭湖水体主要污染物为氮和磷,而营养盐赋存形态及其含量对浮游植物生长的影响在洞庭湖尚未见报道。2011年9月至2012年8月对洞庭湖浮游植物生物量及主要营养盐赋存形态与含量进行监测,同时利用藻类增长的生物学（NEB）评价方法对限制浮游植物增长的营养盐进行了研究,并分析了浮游植物生物量与各营养元素之间的相关性。结果表明：洞庭湖主要污染物总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的年平均值分别为1.90 mg·L-1和0.093 mg·L-1,溶解态无机氮（DIN）平均占ρ（TN）比例为87%,溶解态总磷（DTP）平均占ρ（TP）比例为70%。洞庭湖水体中,DIN是TN的主要贡献者,且不同形态DIN的贡献大小依次为ρ（NO3--N）〉ρ（NH4＋-N）〉ρ（NO2--N）;磷形态组成中,TP主要以溶解反应性磷（SRP）存在。春季洞庭湖水体中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）较高,这一结果可能源于春季面源污染。洞庭湖水体中ρ（Chla）与氮显著正相关,与磷显著负相关。NEB 实验结果表明氮对洞庭湖浮游植物生长有明显的促进作用,其幅度随氮浓度的增加而加强,而磷对浮游植物的生长影响不大,有时出现抑制作用,硝态氮与磷之间不存在交互作用。因此,氮可能是洞庭湖浮游植物增长的主要限制性营养因子,这一研究暗示在洞庭湖富营养化控制过程中应特别注重氮的控制。     

Biomagnification of trace elements in a benthic food web: the case study of Deer Island (Northern Yellow Sea)

In this study, we investigated the concentrations of ten trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As) and their trophodynamics in a benthic food chain of Deer Island, Northern Yellow Sea. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As in the food chain ranged from 3.2 to 23.2, from 71 to 227, from 7.4 to 45.6, from 0.44 to 5.80, from 0.73 to 7.60, from 0.14 to 1.65, from 0.68 to 6.70, from 0.08 to 1.86, from 0.08 to 1.18, and from 0.24 to 3.92 mg kg^?1 dry weight, respectively. Among these trace elements, the linear regression between the log-transformed concentrations of Hg and Cd and δ¹⁵N values showed statistically significant increase (p<0.05) with the slopes of 0.134 and 0.144, indicating biomagnification of Hg and Cd occurred in the benthic food chain of Deer Island. While the linear regression for other eight trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cr, Pb and As) were characterised by extensive scatter with non-significant correlation coefficients (R ²=0.002–0.235) and slopes (p=0.079–0.875), indicating there were not biomagnified or biodiluted of these trace elements.     

Spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutant emissions from open crop straw and biomass burnings in China from 2002 to 2016

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Open biomass burning (OBB) with a main contribution from open crop straw burning (OCSB) plays a key role in the formation of heavy haze episodes during harvest...     

Residential emissions predicted as a major source of fine particulate matter in winter over the Yangtze River Delta,China

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Air pollution is an increasingly critical health issue responsible for numerous diseases and deaths worldwide. In China, to address severe air pollution in the...