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Zhenxing Zhang Elias Getahun Mengfei Mu Sangeetha Chandrasekaran 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(3):449-465
Ensuring an adequate, reliable, clean, and affordable water supply for citizens and industries requires informed, long-range water supply planning, which is critically important for water security. A balance between water supply and demand must be considered for a long-term plan. However, water demand projections are often highly uncertain. Climate change could impact the hydrologic processes, and consequently, threaten water supply. Thus, understanding the uncertainties in future water demand and climate is critical for developing a sound water supply plan. In Illinois, regional water supply planning attempts to explore the impacts of future water demand and climate on water supply using scenario analyses and hydrologic modeling. This study is aimed at developing a water supply planning framework that considers both future water demand and climate change impacts. This framework is based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to simulate the watershed hydrology and conduct scenario analyses that consider the uncertainties in both future water demand and climate as well as their impacts on water supply. The framework was applied to water supply planning efforts in the Kankakee River watershed. The Kankakee River watershed model was calibrated and validated to observed streamflow records at four long-term United States Geological Survey streamflow gages. Because of the many model parameters involved, the calibration process was automated and was followed by a manual refinement, resulting in good model performance. Long-range water demand projections were prepared by the Illinois State Water Survey. Six future water demand scenarios were established based on a suite of assumptions. Climate scenarios were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projection Phase 5 datasets. Three representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, are used in the study. The scenario simulation results demonstrated that climate change appears to have a greater impact on water availability in the study area than water demand. The framework developed in this study can also be used to explore the impacts of uncertainties of water demand and climate on water supply and can be extended to other regions and watersheds. 相似文献
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The treatment of chromium-containing leather waste (CCLW), the major solid waste generated at the post-tanning operations of leather processing, has the potential to generate value-added leather chemicals. Various alkali and enzymatic hydrolysis were compared, and calcium oxide was found to be important for effective (but still incomplete) hydrolysis. Three possible reasons are given for the incomplete hydrolysis under alkaline conditions. Data for 19 amino acids are presented for four different treatment products. On the basis of the results, a novel three-step CCLW treatment process is proposed. The gelatin extracted in the first step is chemically modified to produce leather finishing agents. The collagen hydrolysates isolated in the second step are used as proteinic retanning agents by chemical modification. The remaining chrome cake is further hydrolyzed with acids in the third step, and the obtained chromium-containing protein hydrolysates could be used for the preparation of chromium-containing retanning agents for leather industry. The proposed three-step process provides a feasible zero discharge process for the treatment of CCLW. 相似文献
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Kankan Liu Chenglong Zhang Ye Cheng Chengtang Liu Hongxing Zhang Gen Zhang Xu Sun Yujing Mu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,27(4):186-190
Atmospheric BTEX compounds(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) in a rural site of the North China Plain(NCP) were preliminarily investigated in winter, and the outdoor concentrations(25.8–236.0 μg/m3) were found to be much higher than those reported in urban regions. The pollution of BTEX inside a farmer's house was even more serious, with combined concentrations of 254.5–1552.9 μg/m3. Based on the ratio of benzene to toluene(1.17 ± 0.34) measured, the serious BTEX pollution in the rural site was mainly ascribed to domestic coal combustion for heating during the winter season. With the enhancement of farmers' incomes in recent years, coal consumption by farmers in the NCP is rapidly increasing to keep their houses warm, and hence the serious air pollution in rural areas of the NCP during winter, including BTEX, should be paid great attention. 相似文献
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哈尔滨新区不同下垫面悬浮大气微塑料污染特征及潜在生态风险评估 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
悬浮大气微塑料(Suspended atmospheric microplastics,SAMPs)已被确定为水、土壤等环境单元的重要污染来源之一,并构成一定的潜在生态风险.为了解SAMPs在不同环境中的差异,本研究以哈尔滨新区为研究区,使用便携式大气颗粒物采样器(Airmetrics,USA)对该区域6种不同下垫面的空气进行采集,经过立体显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱仪(VERTEX 80)分析后,证实SAMPs广泛存在并得出关于SAMPs丰度分布、类型、粒径、颜色和化学组成成分的数据信息.结果显示,碎片状SAMPs是耕地的优势类型,其他下垫面的优势类型为纤维状SAMPs;不同下垫面SAMPs的粒径组成结构相似,尺寸为1~35μm的SAMPs占总数的80.71%,其中,林地、草地和水域的小粒径SAMPs占比大于其他下垫面,并且未发现粒径大于100μm的SAMPs;透明微塑料是各下垫面SAMPs的主要颜色类型,其中,建设用地和水域SAMPs中彩色微塑料偏多,这与人类活动有直接关系;各下垫面SAMPs的聚合物组成包括聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚苯乙烯(P... 相似文献
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碳源对微生物异养硝化至关重要,为了探究碳源对耐低温异养硝化菌-哈尔滨不动杆菌HITLi 7~T低温生长和氨氮代谢的影响,考察了乙酸钠、碳酸钠、淀粉、柠檬酸钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘油、糊精、乳糖和麦芽糖10种碳源.结果表明,碳源种类对HITLi 7~T低温生长速率和胞外分泌物含量影响较大.乙酸钠是HITLi 7~T的最优碳源,低温下培养4 d后OD_(600)能提高到0.146,产生的ATP也明显高于其他组,为5.124μmol·mg~(-1)·prot~(-1);此时,总胞外分泌物量最多,为3.86 mg·L~(-1),多糖占比也最高为41.7%;4 d氨氮平均降解速率最大,为0.042 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1);其次为葡萄糖和碳酸钠.同时考察了不同碳氮比的影响,结果表明HITLi 7~T以乙酸钠为碳源时,最佳C/N比为8,此时氨氮去除速率最高为0.216 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),总EPS量为7.04 mg·L~(-1),其中多糖占比为55.3%. 相似文献