简析页岩气开发对水资源的破坏

页岩气的开发主要采用水平井水力压裂的方法,压裂过程中压裂液的大量使用以及对返排压裂液的处理不当,会造成页岩气开发过程中对水资源的破坏,主要表现在导管破裂污染、返排液地面污染、大量消耗水资源等方面。通过总结对比返排压裂液的几种处理方法,认为废液处理后循环使用的方法在节约成本的同时,可最大程度地减小对水资源的破坏。     

桩土刚度比及布桩位置对桩身内力分布的影响研究

桩土刚度比及布桩位置直接影响抗滑桩的桩身内力分布及边坡加固效果。采用数值模拟的方法,考虑不同桩土刚度比和布桩位置,分别进行了计算分析。结果表明:(1)桩身剪力近似呈反"S"型分布,弯矩呈现向桩后的凸型分布,且桩身剪力和弯矩均随桩土刚度比的增加而增大,呈现先陡后缓的变化趋势;(2)桩位一定时,桩身正负最大剪力分别出现在桩身1/2和1/4高度位置,对应位置应加强抗剪箍筋的配置;桩身弯矩最大的位置出现在桩身1/3高度位置,即边坡滑带所在的位置,对应位置应加强抗弯钢筋的配置;(3)布桩于边坡中部及两侧时,加固后边坡的安全系数提高明显,桩身剪力和弯矩较大,而且对塑性区有明显的隔断作用。考虑到一般边坡中部的滑体厚度较深,在坡体中部位置布桩无论在技术上还是经济上都不太合适,因此,建议布桩于边坡中部两侧的位置,可取得较好的加固效果。     

Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China

The ecotone from oasis to desert is an important area for combating sandy desertification. Three dominant desert shrubs (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammodendrori) were selected in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China, to determine the groundwater level; soil water potential; and change of the three shrubs in density, coverage, and biomass along the natural and seminatural oasis-desert ecotone (ODE), respectively. The results indicated that traits of desert plant interaction with the topsoil water and groundwater depth along the ODE play an important role in generating complex desert vegetation spatial dynamics. Some natural desert plant species with shallow root systems will distribute themselves according to distribution of topsoil water. Thus, the distribution of Nitraria tangutorum had a decreasing trend in distribution along ODE. Calligonuum mongolicum occurs in different trends in natural and seminatural ODE due to utilizing groundwater as well as topsoil water. Some plant species with deep roots, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, will show more degradation near oases and will exhibit an ascending trend along ODE. Therefore, it is of primary importance to protect the integrity of groundwater depth in order to protect the stability of the oasis-desert ecotones. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Fenton试剂氧化—曝气生物滤池工艺深度处理制药废水

采用Fenton试剂氧化—曝气生物滤池组合工艺对某制药厂常规生化处理后的废水进行深度处理.实验结果表明,Fenton试剂氧化的适宜操作条件为pH=5,ρ(H2O2)∶COD=1.5、n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)=2,反应时间为60min.经氧化处理后的废水再进入曝气生物滤池进行生化处理,最终出水COD小于80 mg/L,色度小于10倍,处理效果良好.     

Processing of copper converter slag for metal reclamation. Part I: Extraction and recovery of copper and cobalt.

Clean processing of copper converter slag to reclaim cobalt and copper could be a challenge. An innovative and environmentally sound approach for recovering valuable metals from such a slag has been developed in the present study. Curing the slag with strong sulphuric acid, without re-smelting or roasting as practiced currently in the industry, render it accessible to leaching, and more than 95% of cobalt and up to 90% of copper was extracted together with iron by water leaching, leaving silica behind in a residue. The copper in the leach liquor was recovered by cementation with iron and the dissolved iron crystallized as ferrous sulphate monohydrate. The cobalt in the mother-liquor rich in iron was recovered by either cementation or sulphide precipitation. Operation variables in the new process were also investigated and optimized.     

煤矸石矿井填充过程中微生物作用后发酵液对地下水的影响

煤矸石是排放量最大的工业固废之一,堆积在地面会对环境造成严重影响.对煤矸石矿井填充过程中微生物作用后发酵液对地下水的影响进行研究,对煤矸石井下填充的可行性和安全性具有十分重要的意义.文章以义马跃进矿的长焰煤、煤矸石、矿井水为研究对象,在添加接种物的情况下,以硫酸根、硝酸盐氮、氨氮、硫离子和pH值为研究指标,对发酵液进行测定,结果表明:(1)硫酸盐和产甲烷菌在一定条件下可以共存;(2)整个系统的pH值呈弱碱性;(3)浸泡时间的长短使各指标之间有明显差异,是影响地下水的重要因素.在此基础之上,应继续研究利用煤矸石进行矿井填充的可行性和安全性.     

Degradation of 4-aminophenol by hydrogen peroxide oxidation using enzyme from Serratia marcescens as catalyst

This paper reports on the degradation of 4-aminophenol using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and the enzyme from Serratia marcescens AB 90027 as catalyst. The effecting factors during degradation and the degrading mechanism were studied. Also, the location of the enzyme in the cell, which could catalyze the degradation of 4-aminophenol, was analyzed. The results showed that to degrade 50 mL of 4-aminophenol whose concentration was 500 mg/L, the optimal conditions were: volume of H₂O₂ = 3 mL, temperature = 40–60°C and pH = 9–10. In the degradation process, 4-aminophenol was first converted to benzoquinone and NH₃, then organic acids including maleic acid, fumaleic acid, and oxalic acid were formed, and then finally CO₂ and H₂O were generated as final products. The enzyme that could catalyze the degradation of 4-aminophenol was mainly extracellular enzyme. Translated from Environmental Chemistry, 2006, 25(2): 141–144 [译自: 环境化学]     

Photo-oxidation of Sb(III) in the seawater by marine phytoplankton-transition metals-light system

The photo-oxidation of Sb(III) to Sb(V) by marine microalgae (diatom, green and red algae) with or without the presence of transition metals (Fe(III), Cu(II) and Mn(II)). The influence of marine phytoplankton on the photochemistry of antimony was confirmed for the first time. The conversion ratio of Sb(III) to Sb(V) increased with increasing algae concentration and irradiation time. Different species of marine phytoplankton were found to have different photo-oxidizing abilities. The photochemical redox of transition metals could induce the species transformation of antimony. After photo-induced oxidation by marine phytoplankton and transition metals, the ratio of Sb(V) to Sb(III) was in the range of 1.07-5.48 for six algae (Tetraselmis levis, Chlorella autotrophica, Nannochloropsis sp., Tetraselmis subcordiformis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Porphyridium purpureum), and only 0.92 for Dunaliella salina. The distribution of antimony in the sunlit surface seawater was greatly affected by combined effects of marine phytoplankton (main contributor) and transition metals; both synergistic and antagonistic effects were observed. The results provided further insights into the distribution of Sb(III) and Sb(V) and the biogeochemical cycle of antimony, and have significant implications for the risk assessment of antimony in the sunlit surface seawater.