A/O1/H/O2工艺处理焦化废水硝化过程的实现及其抑制

针对焦化废水中的有毒污染物会对敏感易受干扰的硝化细菌产生不利影响从而破坏硝化过程稳定性的现象,采用A/O1/H/O2工艺处理焦化废水的实际工程为研究对象,根据工程运行的水质监测数据分析,发现几种主要污染物的浓度变化会对二级好氧段的硝化过程产生抑制影响。序批式毒性抑制实验结果表明,苯酚、硫氰化物和喹啉对硝化过程具有毒性抑制作用,半抑制浓度EC50分别为34.26、278.5和73.24 mg/L。当二级好氧工艺段运行正常时（C/N约4.3/1,pH8～8.5,DO 4～4.5 mg/L）,出水氨氮浓度可低于5 mg/L,是由于焦化废水经厌氧/好氧/水解工艺后毒物浓度大幅下降,毒性得到削减,表明焦化废水生物处理A/O1/H/O2组合流化床工艺具有较强抵抗毒物抑制并实现高效的硝化作用。     

臭氧—活性炭技术处理石油微污染地下水*

在实验室及中试条件下研究了臭氧-活性炭技术对石油微污染地下水的处理效果。通过石油类和高锰酸盐指数两个指标,考察了臭氧投加量、pH值、过滤速率等操作参数对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:臭氧投加量和活性炭过滤速率是最主要的影响因素,pH值对处理效果影响不显著。中试条件下适宜的臭氧投加量应为8mg/L左右,最佳过滤速率在10m/h附近。采用臭氧氧化与活性炭过滤组合工艺,当进水石油类浓度在1.5mg/L以下时,出水石油类低于0.3mg/L,高锰酸盐指数低于3.0mg/L。     

Study on the spectral and Cu (II) binding characteristics of DOM leached from soils and lake sediments in the Hetao region

Introduction

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most active component in environmental system and its chemical and structural characteristics most likely influence its biodegradation. Four surface soil (0?C20?cm) and three core sediment samples (0?C10?cm) were collected from Wuliangsuhai Lake. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spectral properties and humification degree of DOM and to determine and discuss comparatively the complexing capacities and stability constants of DOM by Cu (II) in the Hetao region.

Materials and methods

In this study, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence quenching methods were used to evaluate the humification degree of DOM and calculate the complexing capacities and the stability constants between DOM and Cu (II).

Results and discussion

Two defined peaks, at wavelengths of 260??300?nm (peak I) and 300??350?nm (peak II), could be identified for soil DOM at a ???? value of 30?nm. In sediment DOM extracts, a third peak (III) was observed near 364?nm. The results show that there is a significant difference in the structure of DOM because of different sources. The humification degree is significantly higher for soil samples than those of sediment samples. The FT-IR spectra of DOM show that structure in sediment DOM is more functional groups than those in soil DOM. DOM has a stronger Cu binding affinity in soils than in sediment in the Hetao region, which may lead to potentially significant influence on the migration and transformation of Cu (II).     

Adsorption of microcystin-LR from water with iron oxide nanoparticles

Adsorption of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from water using iron oxide (alpha-Fe2O3) nanoparticles was investigated in this study. Adsorption of MC-LR adsorption was well-described by a pseudo second order kinetics model and Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations at 15 to 35 degrees C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the Gibbs free energy was negative, whereas standard enthalpy and entropy changes were positive at this temperature range. These findings suggest that the adsorption of MC-LR on iron oxide nanoparticles was spontaneous and endothermic. The effects of initial pH, inorganic cations, and competing compounds with carboxyl groups on absorption of MC-LR were also evaluated. Typically, adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing pH from 2 to 11. Sodium ions did not appear to significantly affect MC-LR adsorption, whereas calcium ions slightly enhanced the MC-LR adsorption capacity of the iron oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, the inhibiting effect of competing organic compounds was increased with increasing numbers of carboxyl groups, as follows: citric acid (3)>oxalic acid (2)>benzoic acid (1).     

添加晶种对沼气发酵液磷回收的影响研究

以畜禽养殖废水经厌氧消化处理后的沼气发酵液为研究对象,采用曝气吹脱调节pH的处理方式。晶种采用海泡石粉、沸石粉和凹凸棒石粉3种天然矿物材料。考察了不同pH条件、晶种添加量和不同初始磷负荷对磷回收的影响,并利用扫描电镜-能谱分析仪(SEM-EDX)对产物进行了表征分析。结果表明:3种晶种材料中,凹凸棒石粉对磷回收的促进效果最好。在pH从7.5到8.5之间海泡石粉、沸石粉和凹凸棒石粉均可将Rp(t)提高10%以上,8.5到9.5之间,添加海泡石粉和沸石粉对Rp(t)的提升幅度降低,添加凹凸棒石粉可以达到14%左右的提升幅度。海泡石粉和沸石粉添加量增大后Rp(t)有小幅的提升,但变化不规律,凹凸棒石粉的最佳添加量为0.92 g/L。初始PO43--P为90 mg/L时凹凸棒石粉对磷回收有最好的促进效果。添加凹凸棒石粉的产物在SEM图片上可看到明显有晶体覆盖,EDX图上出现了明显的强度较大的P组分峰,从微观的角度证实了添加凹凸棒石粉的促进作用。     

响应面法优化聚磷硫酸铁的制备及其应用

采用单因素实验方法,针对制备聚磷硫酸铁(PPFS)的主要影响因素加以分析,包括酸度(nH2SO4/nFe2+、碱化度和nPO34-/nFe2+等。以生活污水中总磷(TP)的去除率为考察对象,采用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析方法对主要影响因素加以优化,得到了二次响应曲面模型以及优化的水平值。结果表明,当把PPFS用于生活污水中TP的去除时,其最佳制备参数如下所列:酸度为0.1017,碱化度为12.21%,nPO34-/nFe2+为0.0560。通过回归分析,模型拟合性良好,在优化制备条件下得到的TP去除率预测值与实验值接近,误差为1.26%。     

生物与化学表面活性剂协同洗脱土壤中PCBs的研究

通过序批实验和土柱淋洗实验研究了由生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL)与非离子化学表面活性剂十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯(6)醚(POE(6))混合得到的复配试剂洗脱污染土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的作用效果及其作用机理。结果表明,同一土样中,从批实验得到的PCBs洗脱率略高于土柱淋洗实验。RL与POE(6)两种单一试剂对人工污染土样中的PCBs洗脱率均大于60%,而对陈化土样中的洗脱率均不到20%,且土壤中的TOC含量越高,PCBs的洗脱率越低。在质量浓度为301 mg/L(10 CMC)及1 505 mg/L(50 CMC)的RL-POE(6)复配试剂中,RL与POE(6)对人工污染土壤中PCBs的洗脱具有一定的协同作用。当复配试剂的浓度为301 mg/L时,RL与POE(6)对陈化土样中PCBs的洗脱没有协同作用;但当RL-POE(6)的浓度增加到1 505 mg/L时,RL与POE(6)对陈化土样中PCBs的洗脱具有明显的协同作用。     

公路交通噪声预测模型FHWA与RLS90的比较

为了了解我国长期以来使用的两种公路交通噪声预测模型,即美国联邦公路局(FHWA)模型和德国RLS90模型的预测精确性,通过理论分析,比较了RLS90分段模型、RLS90长直线模型、FHWA模型的差异,并通过实际测量值对3种模型的计算结果进行了验证,表明RLS90模型在高速公路交通噪声预测中略优于FHWA模型。     

有效微生物菌与水生植物联合净化珍珠蚌养殖废水

以无有效微生物(EM)菌与水生植物的珍珠蚌养殖水体(NSE)作为对照组,对EM菌(EM)、苦草+菹草(VP)、水芹菜+水葱(OS)、苦草+菹草+EM菌(VPE)以及水芹菜+水葱+EM菌(OSE)净化珍珠蚌养殖废水的效果进行了对比研究。实验结果表明,EM、VP、OS对珍珠蚌养殖水体N、P均有较好的净化效果,VPE与OSE去N、P效果更佳。净化28 d后5组合中VPE对NH4+-N的去除效果最好,去除率达98.79%;OSE对NO2-N与TN的去除效果最佳,去除率分别达88.09%和91.53%;TP的去除率VPE最高,达91.75%;而COD的去除率以VP最高,达94.97%,效果好于VPE与OSE;EM池水体DO质量浓度第8天达到峰值(9.88±0.61)mg/L,VP、OS、VPE与OSE均在第16天左右达到峰值。实验数据还表明,EM净化水体效果与VP、OS、VPE和OSE均存在显著性差异,对照组NSE对水体的净化效果不明显。     

土霉素生产废水生物处理装置中微生物群落结构特征解析

抗生素对细菌具有强抑制作用,从而会影响废水生物处理系统中的微生物群落结构。在用定量PCR方法对土霉素生产废水处理装置(进水中土霉素浓度为1 662.1±248.6μg/L)中的细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌18S rRNA基因的含量进行比较的基础上,利用16S rRNA基因克隆文库方法对污泥中的细菌群落结构进行了详细解析。定量PCR结果显示,土霉素废水活性污泥中真菌(18S rRNA)/细菌(16S rRNA)基因的拷贝数比例高达1.2,明显较高于非抗生素肌苷废水活性污泥中的比例1.52×10-6,表明真菌对于土霉素废水中有机物的去除可能发挥重要作用。细菌克隆文库分析结果显示,Alpha变形菌和Beta变形菌是主要的优势菌,比例分别为23.7%和22.0%,其次是酸杆菌(17.0%)和拟杆菌(11.9%)。