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471.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ash: determination of total and leachable concentrations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Enell A Fuhrman F Lundin L Warfvinge P Thelin G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(2):285-292
Before wood ash can be used as a soil fertilizer, concentrations of environmentally hazardous compounds must be investigated. In this study, total and leachable concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four ash samples and one green liquor sludge. The ash sample with the highest carbon content also contained high levels of PAHs; three of the ash samples had total concentrations exceeding the limit permitted by the Swedish Forest Agency for recycling to forest soils. The leachable concentrations were higher for the non-stabilized samples; this was probably due to colloid-facilitated transport of the contaminants in these samples. However, the leachable concentrations were overall relatively low in all the samples studied. The amounts of PAHs introduced to forest soils by additions of stabilized, recyclable ash products will be determined primarily by the rate of weathering of the ash particles and the total concentration of contaminants. 相似文献
472.
Alexandra G. Ponette-González Kate A. Brauman Erika Marín-Spiotta Kathleen A. Farley Kathleen C. Weathers Kenneth R. Young Lisa M. Curran 《Ambio》2015,44(5):367-375
Watershed investment programs frequently use land cover as a proxy for water-based ecosystem services, an approach based on assumed relationships between land cover and hydrologic outcomes. Water flows are rarely quantified, and unanticipated results are common, suggesting land cover alone is not a reliable proxy for water services. We argue that managing key hydrologic fluxes at the site of intervention is more effective than promoting particular land-cover types. Moving beyond land cover proxies to a focus on hydrologic fluxes requires that programs (1) identify the specific water service of interest and associated hydrologic flux; (2) account for structural and ecological characteristics of the relevant land cover; and, (3) determine key mediators of the target hydrologic flux. Using examples from the tropics, we illustrate how this conceptual framework can clarify interventions with a higher probability of delivering desired water services than with land cover as a proxy.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0578-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献473.
The polyfluorinated carboxylic acids 5:3 acid (C5F11CH2CH2CO2H) and 7:3 acid (C7F15CH2CH2CO2H) are major products from 6:2 FTOH (C6F13CH2CH2OH) and 8:2 FTOH (C8F17CH2CH2OH) aerobic biotransformation, respectively. The 5:3 and 7:3 acids were dosed into domestic WWTP activated sludge for 90 d to determine their biodegradability. The 7:3 acid aerobic biodegradability was low, only 1.7 mol% conversion to perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), whereas no transformation was observed previously in soil. In stark contrast, 5:3 acid aerobic biodegradability was enhanced 10 times in activated sludge compared to soil. The 5:3 acid was not activated by acyl CoEnzyme A (CoA) synthetase, a key step required for further α- or ß-oxidation. Instead, 5:3 acid was directly converted to 4:3 acid (C4F9CH2CH2CO2H, 14.2 mol%) and 3:3 acid (C3F7CH2CH2CO2H, 0.9 mol%) via “one-carbon removal pathways”. The 5:3 acid biotransformation also yielded perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, 5.9 mol%) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 0.8 mol%). This is the first report to identify key biotransformation intermediates which demonstrate novel one-carbon removal pathways with sequential removal of CF2 groups. Identified biotransformation intermediates (10.2 mol% in sum) were 5:3 Uacid, α-OH 5:3 acid, 5:2 acid, and 5:2 Uacid. The 5:2 Uacid and 5:2 acid are novel intermediates identified for the first time which confirm the proposed pathways. In the biodegradation pathways, the genesis of the one carbon removal is CO2 elimination from α-OH 5:3 acid. These results suggest that there are enzymatic mechanisms available in the environment that can lead to 6:2 FTOH and 5:3 acid mineralization. The dehydrogenation from 5:3 acid to 5:3 Uacid was the rate-limiting enzymatic step for 5:3 acid conversion to 4:3 acid. 相似文献
474.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges—a benefit of which would be to reduce
the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic
invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome.
Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied,
despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing
the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net
social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico,
to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships’
ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality.
We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within
the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate
an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges.
The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献
475.
Lisa M. Smith John M. Macauley Linda C. Harwell Cynthia A. Chancy 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):149-162
Water quality was assessed following Hurricane Katrina in the affected waters of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Post-landfall
water quality was compared to pre-hurricane conditions using indicators assessed by EPA’s National Coastal Assessment program
and additional indicators of contaminants in water and pathogens. Water quality data collected after Hurricane Katrina suggest
that the coastal waters affected by the storm exhibited higher salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and total suspended solids following the storm compared to the previous 5-year averages.
Higher bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations and light attenuation were also observed. Contaminant concentrations measured
in the water column were very low or undetectable, as were the presence of pathogens. Overall water quality did not significantly
differ from water quality assessed in the five years preceding the storm. Statistical analyses indicate that use of a probabilistic
survey design is appropriate for making pre-storm and post storm comparisons for water quality condition on an areal basis.
The information in this article has been funded wholly (or in part) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been
subjected to review by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This is contribution number 1280 from the Gulf Ecology Division. 相似文献
476.
Lisa A. Bergin 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(3):257-271
In this paper I critique two popular, non-scientific attitudes toward genetically engineered foods. In doing so, I will be
employing the concepts of ambiguity, purity/impurity, control/resistance, and unity/diversity as developed by Latina feminist
metaphysicians. I begin by casting a critical eye toward a specific anti-biotech account of transgenic food crops, an account
that I will argue relies on an anti-feminist metaphysics. I then cast that same critical eye toward a specific pro-biotech
account, arguing that it also relies on such an anti-feminist metaphysics. I will argue further that this metaphysics yields
a less accurate account of genetics. I end by arguing that if we adopt a Latina feminist metaphysics we can more accurately
understand plants, genetics, and genetic engineering. 相似文献
477.
Sustainability or collapse: what can we learn from integrating the history of humans and the rest of nature? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Costanza R Graumlich L Steffen W Crumley C Dearing J Hibbard K Leemans R Redman C Schimel D 《Ambio》2007,36(7):522-527
Understanding the history of how humans have interacted with the rest of nature can help clarify the options for managing our increasingly interconnected global system. Simple, deterministic relationships between environmental stress and social change are inadequate. Extreme drought, for instance, triggered both social collapse and ingenious management of water through irrigation. Human responses to change, in turn, feed into climate and ecological systems, producing a complex web of multidirectional connections in time and space. Integrated records of the co-evolving human-environment system over millennia are needed to provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the present and for forecasting the future. This requires the major task of assembling and integrating regional and global historical, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental records. Humans cannot predict the future. But, if we can adequately understand the past, we can use that understanding to influence our decisions and to create a better, more sustainable and desirable future. 相似文献
478.
A thermal degradation procedure for reducing the concentrations of mono- to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs, PCBs and hexa-chlorobenzenes (HCB) in filter ash from incinerated municipal solid waste (MSW) is described. Thermal treatment of filter ash samples at 500 degrees C for 60 min in a closed system providing low oxygen conditions resulted in 97% and 99% reductions in the total and I-TEQ concentrations of PCDD/Fs, to 6.8 microg kg(-1) ash and <0.05 microg I-TEQ kg(-1) ash, respectively. Increasing the thermal treatment time to 480 min, at the same temperature, yielded 99% reductions in both total and I-TEQ concentrations of the mono- to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. Similar effects were observed for HCB and PCBs. The data from this study indicate that PCDD/Fs and other toxic organic compounds in ash from incinerated MSW, can be effectively degraded by this procedure, which combines relatively low-temperatures, short treatment times, and low oxygen conditions. 相似文献
479.
Schaub M Emberson L Büker P Kräuchi N 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(3):636-643
The objective of this study was to establish whether EU and UN-ECE/ICP-Forests monitoring data (i) provide the variables necessary to apply the flux-based modeling methods and (ii) meet the quality criteria necessary to apply the flux-based critical level concept. Application of this model has been possible using environmental data collected from the EU and UN-ECE/ICP-Forests monitoring network in Switzerland and Italy for 2000-2002. The test for data completeness and plausibility resulted in 6 out of a possible total of 20 Fagus sylvatica L. plots being identified as suitable from Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and France. The results show that the collected data allow the identification of different spatial and temporal areas and periods as having higher risk to ozone than those identified using the AOT40 approach. However, it was also apparent that the quality and completeness of the available data may severely limit a complete risk assessment across Europe. 相似文献
480.
Smith LM Didonato EM Harwell LC Nestlerode JA Summers JK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):511-524
Using the approach established by EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), a shoreline monitoring survey
was conducted in August and September 1999, encompassing the Florida Panhandle from Perdido Key, Florida to Port St. Joe,
Florida. The objective of this survey was to demonstrate the use of a probabilistic survey for monitoring and estimating the
condition of swimmable beach areas. Thirty stations were sampled using a probabilistic sampling design. Hydrographic data
were collected in addition to samples for water chemistry. Bacterial indicators, enterococci and fecal coliforms, were enumerated
from the water according to the EPA Beaches Environmental Assessment Closure and Health (BEACH) Program and Florida state
guidelines. Additional criteria for site condition included the presence or absence of primary and secondary dunes, anthropogenic
debris and vegetation. Based on EMAP evaluation guidelines and Florida state criteria, a baseline assessment of the condition
of the Gulf of Mexico beach resources surveyed is presented. 相似文献