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31.
Trends in aquatic food consumption were matched against farm production surveys within Hubei province and compared to official production data and statistics. Surveys showed that consumer tastes were changing to a much broader aquatic food menu as their spending power increased. Traditional aquaculture species were becoming less profitable due to reduced profit margins as input costs increased and consumption preferences changed. Consequently, many producers were diversifying their production to meet local demand. Some farmers were also de-intensifying by reducing commercial aquafeed inputs and reverting to more traditional methods of dyke-crop culture to optimise trade-offs between input costs and labour, and manage their risk more effectively. In addition, analysis of local data showed that wholesale changes were occurring to aquaculture production as environmental protection legislation took effect which reduced the growing area for carps considerably.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01503-3. 相似文献
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Water and sediment samples in a bay surrounded by heavily industrialized areas were analyzed by a combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer system, and a number of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and polar oxygenated compounds were found. Behavior of PAH in the bay and its surroundings was traced by gas chromatographic fingerprint by using a glass capillary column. Water and sediment, dust fall, and airborne particulate samples were used as environmental samples. It was emphatically suggested that the major origin of sedimentary PAH was airborne dust. 相似文献
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Elin Röös Bojana Bajželj Pete Smith Mikaela Patel David Little Tara Garnett 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(2):367-377
Multiple production and demand side measures are needed to improve food system sustainability. This study quantified the theoretical minimum agricultural land requirements to supply Western Europe with food in 2050 from its own land base, together with GHG emissions arising. Assuming that crop yield gaps in agriculture are closed, livestock production efficiencies increased and waste at all stages reduced, a range of food consumption scenarios were modelled each based on different ‘protein futures’. The scenarios were as follows: intensive and efficient livestock production using today’s species mix; intensive efficient poultry–dairy production; intensive efficient aquaculture–dairy; artificial meat and dairy; livestock on ‘ecological leftovers’ (livestock reared only on land unsuited to cropping, agricultural residues and food waste, with consumption capped at that level of availability); and a ‘plant-based eating’ scenario. For each scenario, ‘projected diet’ and ‘healthy diet’ variants were modelled. Finally, we quantified the theoretical maximum carbon sequestration potential from afforestation of spared agricultural land. Results indicate that land use could be cut by 14–86 % and GHG emissions reduced by up to approximately 90 %. The yearly carbon storage potential arising from spared agricultural land ranged from 90 to 700 Mt CO2 in 2050. The artificial meat and plant-based scenarios achieved the greatest land use and GHG reductions and the greatest carbon sequestration potential. The ‘ecological leftover’ scenario required the least cropland as compared with the other meat-containing scenarios, but all available pasture was used, and GHG emissions were higher if meat consumption was not capped at healthy levels. 相似文献
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Robin D. Calfee Edward E. Little Laverne Cleveland Mace G. Barron 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(4):207-212
Traditionally, the toxic effects of petroleum have been investigated by conducting studies in the absence of ultraviolet radiation
(UV). Photomediated toxicity is often not considered, and the toxic effects of an oil spill can be grossly underestimated.
The toxicity of a weathered oil collected from a monitoring well at an abandoned oil field toCeriodaphnia dubia was examined in the presence of UV. A solar simulator equipped with UVB, UVA, and cool white lamps was used to generate environmentally
comparable solar radiation intensities.C. dubia were exposed to six concentrations of water accommodated fractions (WAF) of weathered oil in conjunction with three levels
of laboratory simulated UV (Reference = < 0.002 μW/cm2UVB; 3.0 μW/cm2 UVA; Low = 0.30 μW/cm2 UVB; 75.0 μW/cm2 UVA; High = 2.0 μW/cm2 UVB; 340.0 μW/cm2 UVA) and visible light. Seven day static renewal bioassays were used to characterize WAF/UV toxicity. WAF toxicity significantly
(p < 0.05) increased when the organisms were exposed to WAF in the presence of UV. The photoenhanced toxicity of the WAF increased
with WAF concentration within each UV regime. Relative to the reference light regime, the average number of neonates from
adults exposed to 1.6 mg TPH/L decreased significantly by 20% within the low light regime, and by 60% within the high light
regime. These results indicate that organisms exposed to dissolved-phase weathered oil in the presence of environmentally
realistic solar radiation, exhibit 1.3–2.5 times greater sensitivity, relative to organisms exposed under traditional laboratory
fluorescent lighting. 相似文献
38.
David L. Fabacher Edward E. Little Gary K. Ostrander 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(2):69-71
We exposed albino and pigmented medakaOryzias latipes to simulated solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to determine if albino medaka were less tolerant of UVB radiation than medaka
pigmented with melanin. There was no difference in the number of albino and pigmented medaka that died during the exposure
period. Spectrophotometric analyses of the outer dorsal skin layers from albino and pigmented medaka indicated that, prior
to exposure, both groups of fish had similar amounts of an apparent colorless non-melanin photoprotective substance that appears
to protect other fish species from UVB radiation. Our results indicate that albino medaka were as tolerant of UVB radiation
as pigmented medaka because they had similar amounts of this photoprotective substance in the outer layers of the skin. 相似文献
39.
Cynthia Howard-Reed Zhe Liu Steven Cox Dennis Leber Dan Samarov John C. Little 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(4):468-480
The measurement of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from building products and materials by manufacturers and testing laboratories, and the use of the test results for labeling programs, continue to expand. One issue that hinders wide acceptance for chamber product testing is the lack of a reference material to validate test chamber performance. To meet this need, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Virginia Tech (VT) have developed a prototype reference material that emits a single VOC similar to the emissions of a diffusion-controlled building product source with a dynamic emissions profile. The prototype material has undergone extensive testing at NIST and a pilot interlaboratory study (ILS) with four laboratories. The next development step is an evaluation of the prototype source in multiple-sized chambers of 14 laboratories in seven countries. Each laboratory was provided duplicate specimens and a test protocol. Study results identified significant issues related to the need to store the source at a subzero Celsius temperature until tested and possible inconsistencies in large chambers. For laboratories using a small chamber and meeting all the test method criteria, the results were very encouraging with relative standard deviations ranging from 5% to 10% across the laboratories.
Implications: Currently, the chamber performance of laboratories conducting product VOC emissions testing is assessed through interlaboratory studies (ILS) using a source with an unknown emission rate. As a result, laboratory proficiency can only be based on the mean and standard deviation of emission rates measured by the participating ILS laboratories. A reference material with a known emission rate has the potential to provide an independent assessment of laboratory performance as well as improve the quality of interlaboratory studies. Several international laboratories with different chamber testing systems demonstrated the ability to measure the emission rate of such a reference material within an acceptable measurement uncertainty. 相似文献
40.
Tilapia, a tropical freshwater fish native to Africa, is an increasingly important global food commodity. The World Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF), a major environmental nongovernmental organization, has established stakeholder dialogues to formulate farm
certification standards that promote “responsible” culture practices. As a preface to its “tilapia aquaculture dialogue,”
the WWF for Nature commissioned a review of potential certification issues, later published as a peer-reviewed article. This
article contends that both the review and the draft certification standards subsequently developed fail to adequately integrate
critical factors governing the relative sustainability of tilapia production and thereby miss more significant issues related
to resource-use efficiency and the appropriation of ecosystem space and services. This raises a distinct possibility that
subsequent certification will promote intensive systems of tilapia production that are far less ecologically benign than existing
widely practiced semi-intensive alternatives. Given the likely future significance of this emergent standard, it is contended
that a more holistic approach to certification is essential. 相似文献