环境中氧化锰对Cr(Ⅲ)氧化机理的研究

研究了几种人工合成的氧化锰和新鲜田间土样对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化作用.结果表明,自然土壤环境中,氧化锰是Cr(Ⅲ)氧化的主要电子接受体,氧化能力δ-MnO_2>α-MnO_2>γ-MnOOH.土壤对Cr(Ⅲ)氧化能力与易还原性氧化锰含量显著相关.土壤风干后,氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的能力明显降低.并提出了Cr(Ⅲ)在MnO_2表面氧化的机理.     

环磷酰胺等三种化学物诱发褐斑大蠊染色体畸变分析

染色体的畸变分析是一种简便易行,经济的遗传毒理学方法,可用来探讨诱变物对生物遗传系统的影响。目前人们多利用鼠类、赤麂及人的培养细胞来进行染色体畸变分析,其它材料很少见,蜚蠊(俗称蟑螂)是一种重要的卫生昆虫,也是一种较好的遗传学研究材料,其分布广泛,与人的日常生活环境密切相关,能否利用它作为一种污染的监测因子呢?我们利用褐斑大蠊(Periplaneta brunnea,Burmeister 1838)进行了初步尝试。     

某电厂堆灰场附近浅层地下水中Cr6+的成因及治理措施

分析了焦作某电厂堆灰场附近浅层地下水中Cr6+ 的形成原因。根据该区水文地质背景 ,提出在地下污染水羽的下游建可渗透反应墙的漏斗 -通道系统 ,用对Cr6+ 有很高去除效率的风化煤作为反应材料 ,使污染水羽流经此系统时有效去除地下水中的Cr6+ ,达到净化的目的     

Effect of cadmium on nodulation and N2-fixation of soybean in contaminated soils

The effects of cadmium stress on nodulation, N2-fixation capabilities of the root nodule, the change in ultrastructure of the root nodule, soybean growth, and the distribution of cadmium in plants were studied. The results obtained show that the nodulation of soybean roots was greatly inhibited by the addition of Cd, especially at the addition level of 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) soil. The inhibition of plant growth, especially the root growth, increased as the cadmium concentration increased, with deleterious effects observed for the roots. The weight ratio of soybean root/leaf decreased as the Cd concentration increased, which might explain the reason for nodulation decreases. The results also indicate that N2-fixation of root nodule was stimulated to some extent at the low levels of Cd addition, but decreased sharply with further increase of the Cd concentration. High Cd levels were also associated with changes in the ultrastructure of root nodule, in which the effective N2-fixing area was reduced and the N2-fixing cells in the area also reduced. In addition, the results also reveal that the content of Cd in different parts of the plants was as follows: roots > stems > seeds, indicating that the accumulation of Cd by roots is much larger than that by any other part of the soybean plant, and might cause deleterious effects to root systems.     

Longitudinal emissions evaluation of mixed (cooperative) adaptive cruise control traffic flow and its relationship with stability

ABSTRACT

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) vehicles need vehicle-to-vehicle (V2 V) communication to achieve CACC function. When a CACC vehicle follows a manual-driven vehicle (MDV) without V2 V communication, it needs degenerate to adaptive cruise control (ACC). By using real experiments, California PATH program indicated that ACC vehicles are apt to be unstable, which may have negative influence on fuel consumption and traffic emissions. Hence, this paper studies the impacts of the mixed CACC-MDV traffic on fuel consumption and emissions, by taking into consideration partial degenerations from stable CACC vehicles to unstable ACC vehicles. To deal with this, microscopic simulations were adopted by using car-following models. Then, an appropriate emission model was used for evaluating the emission impacts under different CACC market penetration rates (MPRs). In order to obtain reliable evaluation results, the models validated by PATH program using real experimental data were employed as the CACC and ACC car-following models. In addition, we also analytically investigated stability of the mixed traffic flow under different CACC MPRs, in order to explore its relationship with the emission impacts. The results show that the fuel consumption and emissions firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of the CACC MPR. This means the mixed traffic under some ranges of CACC MPRs will produce more fuel consumption and emissions, compared with the full MDVs traffic. It indicates that stability situations of the mixed traffic qualitatively influence the impact trend of CACC MPRs on fuel consumption and emissions. Then, V2 V communication equipments on MDVs are not only encouraging but also essential to avoid the deterioration of fuel consumption and emissions of the mixed traffic flow.     

1951~2014年中国北方地区气温突变与变暖停滞的时空变异性

基于1951~2014年中国北方及周边地区357个气象站点平均最低气温、平均气温和平均最高气温年（月）数据,采用M~K检验等方法,分析了中国北方地区3类气温突变和变暖停滞特征的时空变异性.结果表明：研究区3类气温整体突变年（1978~1999年、1981~2002年、1981~2005年）、分布广泛的普遍突变年（1988年、1989年、1997年）及范围（3a）均依次变晚.整体上,突变年随纬度降低变晚,东北突变早于西北和华北地区.变暖停滞集中于1998和2007年及其前后,3类气温亦依次变晚（1994~2007年、1995~2009年、1998~2010年）,由黄河流域中段向其他方向越来越晚.突变至变暖停滞周期整体随纬度降低缩短（3~30a）,突变越早周期越长.西北地区突变与变暖停滞前后各时段均值温差最大（2.4℃）,温差在1℃左右站点分布最广泛.各时段升（降）温速率整体依次在0.01℃/10a、0.05℃/10a、-0.03℃/10a左右站点分布最广泛,突变后升温最快（0.02~0.16℃/10a）,且西北地区对升温贡献最大,变暖停滞后东北地区对降温贡献最大,2时段按平均最低气温、平均最高气温、平均气温顺序升（降）温速率递减.3类气温波动程度减弱,整体随纬度降低.高纬度、高海拔和山地地区突变和变暖停滞较周边地区偏早或偏晚,特征值较大.整个北方地区3类气温突变、变暖停滞、突变与变暖停滞时间及各时段特征值各自具有自身一致性的普遍规律.     

死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥中抗生素抗性基因及微生物群落分析的干扰

为评估死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)和微生物群落分析的潜在干扰,本研究对3种不同类型厌氧消化污泥进行叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)处理,比较在PMA屏蔽死菌DNA PCR扩增情况下污泥ARGs和微生物群落分析结果与未经PMA处理情况下的差异.结果表明,经PMA处理后,剩余污泥自厌氧消化样品和高含固厌氧消化污泥样品中的ARGs丰度分别下降了41%～86%和74%～98%;污泥水解液厌氧消化15 d后的污泥样品中ARGs下降幅度相对较小,但降幅最高也达到34%.PMA处理对3个来源不同的厌氧消化污泥微生物群落组成分析结果呈现不同程度的影响,对高含固厌氧消化污泥的微生物群落结构分析影响最为显著.在经PMA处理与未经PMA处理两种情况下,厌氧消化污泥ARGs与微生物群落组成相关性分析的结果也截然不同.研究证明了死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥ARGs和微生物群落分析的潜在干扰,采用PMA预处理能够更准确地反映厌氧消化污泥中的微生物群落及菌体携带ARGs的特征.     

Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.