Characteristics of real-world vehicular emissions in Chinese cities

On-board emission measurements were performed on 49 light-duty gasoline vehicles in seven cities of China. Vehicle-specific power mode distribution and emission characteristics were analyzed based on the data collected. The results of our study show that there were significant differences in different types of roads. The emission factors and fuel consumption rates on arterial roads and residential roads were approximately 1.4-2 times those on freeways. The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides emission factors of Euro II vehicles were on average 86.2, 88.2, and 64.5% lower than those of carburetor vehicles, respectively. The new vehicle emission standards implemented in China had played an important role in reducing individual vehicle emissions. More comprehensive measures need to be considered to reduce the total amount of emissions from vehicles.     

Short-term effects of gaseous pollutants on cause-specific mortality in Wuhan, China

In Asia, limited studies have been published on the association between daily mortality and gaseous pollutants of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Our previous studies in Wuhan, China, demonstrated long-term air pollution effects. However, no study has been conducted to determine mortality effects of air pollution in this region. This study was to determine the acute mortality effects of the gaseous pollutants in Wuhan, a city with 7.5 million permanent residents during the period from 2000 to 2004. There are approximately 4.5 million residents in Wuhan who live in the city's core area of 201 km2, where air pollution levels are highest, and pollution ranges are wider than the majority of the cities in the published literature. We used the generalized additive model to analyze pollution, mortality, and covariate data. We found consistent NO2 effects on mortality with the strongest effects on the same day. Every 10-microg/m3 increase in NO2 daily concentration on the same day was associated with an increase in nonaccidental (1.43%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.99%), cardiovascular (1.65%; 95% CI: 0.87-2.45%), stroke (1.49%; 95% CI: 0.56-2.43%), cardiac (1.77%; 95% CI: 0.44-3.12%), respiratory (2.23%; 95% CI: 0.52-3.96%), and cardiopulmonary mortality (1.60%; 95% CI: 0.85-2.35%). These effects were stronger among the elderly than among the young. Formal examination of exposure-response curves suggests no-threshold linear relationships between daily mortality and NO2, where the NO2 concentrations ranged from 19.2 to 127.4 microg/m3. SO2 and O3 were not associated with daily mortality. The exposure-response relationships demonstrated heterogeneity, with some curves showing nonlinear relationships for SO2 and O3. We conclude that there is consistent evidence of acute effects of NO2 on mortality and suggest that a no-threshold linear relationship exists between NO2 and mortality.     

毛竹林各组分能量估算模型的研究

在建瓯设置40块毛竹林标准地,分别测定了毛竹单株各部分干重与能量,建立了各部分生物量模型,并在此基础上,运用人工神经网络方法对毛竹林各组分能量进行估测.结果表明毛竹林各组分秆、枝叶和地下部分的平均能量依次为4.23225×10     

土壤中4-溴苯胺降解动力学及其生态毒性追踪

秀谷隆是一种被广泛应用的取代脲类除草剂,其主要降解产物为４－溴苯胺（４－ＢＡ）,研究４－溴苯胺在不同土壤中的降解动力学规律,并用土壤环境指示动物弹尾目跳虫Ｃｏｌｌｅｍｂｏｌａ（Ｆｏｌｓｏｍｉａ ｃａｎｄｉｄａ）跟踪指示该化合物在进一步降解过程中的毒性,结果表明：４－溴苯胺在土壤中的降解行为可用一级反应动力学方程来较好地描述,其生态毒性明显高于母体化合物秀谷隆,该化合物在粘土中的残留量低于砂土,但毒     

Pb/Zn冶炼废渣中重金属的生物浸出-盐浸处理

利用中温嗜热菌对某铅锌冶炼废渣进行生物浸出盐浸处理研究,并根据国家固体废物浸出毒性方法(HJ/T299-2007)对盐浸后余渣进行毒性分析。研究结果表明,在pH 1.5、温度65℃、矿浆浓度5%的优化条件下生物浸出3 d后,废渣中Cu、In、Ga和Zn的浸出率分别达到了91.5%、91.8%、84.9%和93.4%;盐浸生物浸出渣,其浸出液中Ag、Pb浓度分别为7.6和247.5 mg/L,可从废渣中有效回收Cu、In、Ga、Zn、Ag和Pb。生物浸出盐浸处理后余渣约为原渣量的70%;毒性分析浸出液中重金属元素Ag、As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn浓度分别为2～3.5、2～3、0.3～0.5、30～50、2～4、20～60 mg/L,低于国家危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-2007)。根据试验结果,提出了针对冶炼废渣资源化、减量化、无害化的生物浸出盐浸联用工艺。     

秦皇岛石河口海域沉积物重金属污染及生态风险评价

为了研究石河口海域的沉积物环境,于2009年9月对石河口海域表层沉积物的Cu、Pd、Zn、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定,探讨了重金属含量的分布特征和相关关系,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的富集程度和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:Cu和Pd、Cu和Cd、Pd和Cd之间存在显著正相关性。重金属富集程度排序为CdHgCuZnPdAs。石河口海域多种重金属潜在生态风险指数属于轻微风险状态。重金属潜在生态风险指数排序为CdHgPdCuAsZn,Cd的生态风险指数属中度风险状态,研究区域在一定程度上受到了Cd的污染。     

PRB强化垂直流人工湿地系统处理煤矿废水

针对常规人工湿地系统处理高浊含氮磷的有机煤矿废水不佳的问题,采用PRB与人工湿地耦合的方法,进行砂箱模拟实验研究。实验结果表明,由无烟煤、钢渣及沸石构建的PRB强化垂直流人工湿地系统对NH4+-N、PO34--P、Mn2+、COD、SS的去除率分别达到88.84%、96.08%、98.98%、85.78%和94.00%,与常规人工湿地相比,具有处理效率高、水力负荷大、占地面积小等特点,更便于运行管理。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs). The measured concentrations were 51.8 ± 38.5 ng g(-1), 0.329 ± 0.818 ng g(-1), and 0.467 ± 0.741 ng g(-1) as means and standard deviations of PAHs, DDXs, and HCHs, respectively, which were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported for eastern China. Significant differences were also revealed among four sub-areas within QTP. PAHs detected in the samples from the remote sub-areas of T'ang-ku-la/Hoh Xil Mountains and along the Qinghai-Tibet highway in the west and northwest of QTP were 1 order of magnitude lower than those from Lhasa and east Qinghai. The differences in soil OCPs among the sub-areas were 2-7 times. Soil PAHs were significantly correlated with emission density and soil organic carbon content (SOC), while OCPs were correlated significantly with the population density and SOC. Based on the calculated backward air mass trajectories and geographical distributions of emission and population, it was revealed that PAHs and OCPs accumulated in the soils in the west and northwest QTP were primarily from long-range transport and may represent the background levels of East Asia. This part of QTP can also serve as an important receptor area for regional or even global long-range transport study. The elevated concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in Lhasa and east Qinghai were mainly from local sources, while PAHs from adjacent Lanzhou area also contributed considerably to the accumulation of PAHs in east Qinghai.     

臭氧光催化降解水中甲醛的研究

研究比较了3种光化学方法对水中低浓度甲醛的降解效果,考察了初始pH值、甲醛浓度和臭氧投加速率等因素对臭氧光催化(TiO_2/UV/O_3)降解甲醛的影响。结果表明,紫外臭氧(UV/O_3)、光催化(TiO_2/UV)和TiO_2/UV/O_3对甲醛的降解均符合表观一级反应动力学,TiO_2/UV/O_3降解甲醛的一级表观速率常数大于TiO_2/UV与UV/O_3之和,说明臭氧、光催化有明显的协同作用。pH值对臭氧光催化降解甲醛的速率几乎没有影响;甲醛初始浓度增加,表观反应速率常数下降,但甲醛的绝对去除量仍随初始浓度的增加而显著增加;臭氧投加速率增加,降解速率增加。甲醛降解的主要中间产物为甲酸,但甲酸在臭氧光催化反应过程中也快速降解而被矿化,说明臭氧光催化是一种能安全有效去除甲醛的方法。     

广西夏季异常降雨量的前馈网络预报模型

以1957～2001年广西37个基准站的夏季(6～8月)平均降水量为基础,将夏季降水量距平百分率大于等于20%、小于等于-23%作为异常多雨和少雨年,建立广西夏季降水量"0、1"化的异常序列,利用前馈网络的非线性映射技术,构造广西夏季降水异常预报模型.通过对该模型的预报检验分析发现,该预报模型不仅能准确地报出历史样本的异常多雨和异常少雨年,并且对2002～2004年的独立样本预报也全部正确.这为异常降水的短期气候预测业务工作提供了新的思路和方法.