Research on 10-year tendency of China coal mine accidents and the characteristics of human factors

The trend of China coal mine accidents in the latest 10 years was studied and the human factors in these accidents were analyzed by multi-dimensional statistic analysis. It shows that the number of major coal mine accidents and the death toll in the accidents were decreasing steadily, while sporadic death accidents still accounted for the largest percentage of deaths. Gas outburst accidents, gas explosion accidents and mine water accidents remained the major part of the whole story and subject to close attention. Among the causes of these accidents, human factors accounted for 94.09%, of which intentional violation, mismanagement and defective design accounted for 35.43%, 55.12%, 3.54% respectively. Improper operational and management practices in which the safety system, procedures and specifications were neglected or broken were still key roots of China coal mine accidents.     

基于MMA7260QT的危险场所跌倒检测设备的研制

在石化企业生产过程中,如何正确检测判别跌倒行为已成为危险场所安全防护的关键,传统的判别方法已不适应石化行业特殊的工作环境和行为特点。通过对三轴加速度传感器MMA7260QT原理的研究,结合毒性气体传感器和无线传输技术,采用低功耗微处理器MSP430F249,研制了一种危险场所用跌倒检测设备。介绍了三轴加速度传感器MMA7260QT的结构和原理,给出了设备系统设计。根据石化行业危险场所特点,建立了跌倒模型,分析了三轴加速度传感器检测信息的处理,确定出跌倒判断阈值。实验结果表明,研制的设备跌倒检测准确,符合石化行业危险场所应用需求。     

改进熵值法在出铁场除尘风机控制中的应用

为了实现高炉出铁场除尘风力自动跟踪烟尘浓度控制,对尘源点烟尘浓度模型进行分析,并由此提出一种针对多测点反馈的新型控制策略.该策略构建了多测点数据的综合评价体系,从控制的角度建立烟尘浓度当前值、当前变化率以及预测变化率3项评价指标,运用功效系数法加入主观评判因素,用熵值法对各测点数据进行综合评价,选择合适的数据进行反馈.利用Matlab/Simulink软件对模糊控制策略下的除尘系统进行了对比仿真试验.结果表明,该控制策略能够实现除尘风力自动跟踪烟尘浓度控制,与传统的控制方式相比,节能效果显著,且综合评价反馈比常规反馈算法节能效果更优.     

钴（Ⅱ）－过氧化氢－苯基荧光酮体系催化光度法测定痕量钴的研究

本文研究了钴（Ⅱ）催化过氧化氢氧化苯基荧光酮的褪色反应,测定了反应级数和表观活化能,建立了测定痕量地的新方法。２５℃时本法检出限为２９×１０－１３ｇ／ｍｌ,线性范围为０．０４～２ｎｇ／１０ｍｌ,催化反应表观活化能为５６．１５ＫＪ／ｍｏｌ。该方法己用于维生素Ｂ１２、人发和茶叶中痕量钴的测定．结果满意,相对标准偏差为２．４～３．４％。     

森林生态系统土壤呼吸时空异质性及影响因子研究进展

土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的一个重要流通途径,是大气CO2的重要来源之一,是陆地碳循环的重要环节,对温室气体的排放产生直接影响,且关系到科学把握全球变化背景下CO2的排放动态,在全球碳收支中占据重要地位,越来越受到各国学者的广泛关注。在全球变化背景下研究土壤呼吸的时空异质性及其影响因子,可为探索陆地生态系统在碳循环方面的碳源/碳汇功能和揭示“碳失汇之迷”,以及减缓气候变暖等方面提供有力的依据。作为一个复杂的生物学与生态学过程,土壤呼吸受到气候、生物以及非生物等因子的影响而呈现时空异质性,并随着各种干扰因子影响的增强,人为因素的作用亦越来越大,该文阐述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸作用的时空动态变化规律、并探讨了影响土壤呼吸速率的各种影响因子,剖析了导致土壤呼吸时空异质性的影响因子,指出自然因子、生物因子和干扰因子共同驱动着土壤呼吸的时空动态变化。并对森林生态系统土壤呼吸作用的模型模拟方面的研究进展进行了综述。最后讨论了森林土壤呼吸时空异质性研究中存在的相关问题,同时提出了今后土壤呼吸研究中应关注的问题,同时对森林生态系统土壤呼吸时空异质性及影响因子的研究方向进行了展望。     

Suppressed recovery of plant community composition and biodiversity on dredged fill of a hurricane-induced inlet through a barrier island

In September 2003, Hurricane Isabel created an inlet over 500 m wide and 10 m deep that connected the Atlantic Ocean and Pamlico Sound. This breach was subsequently filled with sediments dredged from the adjacent sound. The purpose of this study was to determine if the barrier island terrestrial plant communities were naturally re-establishing through primary succession. In 2006–2008, we compared plant communities, soil carbon and nitrogen, and Aeolian transport of sediments in undisturbed back-dunes, undisturbed shrub thickets, putative back-dunes, and putative shrub thickets. We found that species richness and evenness were low on the filled area relative to adjacent plant communities that had persisted through the storm. Plants on the filled area were almost entirely limited to a band of primarily Spartina patens found at the margin of the sound and there were no signs of establishing the typical zonation of back dune grasses, shrubs, and salt marsh. Evaluation of soil quality suggests that nutrients and organic material are not limiting recovery. Aeolian transport, however, was demonstrably higher across the filled area, where no dense stands of taller plants buffered the airflow. Plant re-establishment is suppressed by wind erosion inhibiting deposition of seeds. Recovery of the site will likely depend on the rhizomatous spread of S. patens from the sound shore. S. patens can then potentially facilitate the colonization of other species by buffering the wind and trapping seeds of other plants. Ironically, this slow recovery may benefit federally threatened bird species that require sparse vegetation for nesting success.     

凋落物覆盖及掩埋对不同质量的藜蒴种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以南亚热带常见的先锋乡土树种藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa)为研究对象.通过室内萌发试验,分析了种子质量、凋落物覆盖和掩埋对种子萌发及幼苗早期生长的影响.结果表明,藜蒴种子能否成功萌发并形成幼苗的决定性因素是种子的掩埋深度.掩埋显著抑制了藜蒴种子萌发及形成幼苗的过程,随掩埋深度的增大,这种抑制作用越明显.掩埋对幼苗的存活和生物量没有显著影响,但可提高幼苗根部生物量的分配.深度掩埋时,质量大的种子在幼苗形成过程中具明显优势;而置于土壤表层或浅埋的种子成苗率与种子质量的相关性较低.大质量种子形成的幼苗更易于存活,在生物量的积累方面也表现H{一定的优势.凋落物覆盖未抑制幼苗的出土,且对幼苗的存活和生长具有明显的促进作用,表现在可提高幼苗的相对生长率以及生物量的积累.另外,凋落物的覆盖明显提高了幼苗生物量在其冠部的分配.因而,若利用直接播撒藜蒴种子的方式改造南亚热带退化草坡.理论上应尽可能选用大质量的种子直接播种于地表,并覆以原有的地表凋落物,以促进藜蒴幼苗成功建立.     

不同光波长对类石墨相氮化碳催化降解莫西沙星的机理探究

使用一种简单煅烧三聚氰胺的方法制备了类石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4),研究了不同光波长对g-C_3N_4催化降解盐酸莫西沙星的影响.通过高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对材料的形貌、晶型、元素组成进行表征,证实了g-C_3N_4的成功合成.此外,通过XPS-价带谱和紫外可见漫反射(UV-DRS)图谱得到所合成g-C_3N_4的带隙(E_g=2.81 eV)和价带(E_(VB)=2.49 eV).通过不同光波长(包括365、385、420、450、485、520、595、630 nm及可见光)下g-C_3N_4对莫西沙星的降解速率来评估光催化性能.结果表明,g-C_3N_4的光催化活性依赖于辐照波长,也即速率常数(k_1)随光波长的增大而降低.活性氧(ROS)淬灭实验表明,超氧自由基(·O~-_2)在莫西沙星的光催化降解中起主导作用.     

Assessing ecological function in the context of species recovery

Species interactions matter to conservation. Setting an ambitious recovery target for a species requires considering the size, density, and demographic structure of its populations such that they fulfill the interactions, roles, and functions of the species in the ecosystems in which they are embedded. A recently proposed framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature Green List of Species formalizes this requirement by defining a fully recovered species in terms of representation, viability, and functionality. Defining and quantifying ecological function from the viewpoint of species recovery is challenging in concept and application, but also an opportunity to insert ecological theory into conservation practice. We propose 2 complementary approaches to assessing a species’ ecological functions: confirmation (listing interactions of the species, identifying ecological processes and other species involved in these interactions, and quantifying the extent to which the species contributes to the identified ecological process) and elimination (inferring functionality by ruling out symptoms of reduced functionality, analogous to the red-list approach that focuses on symptoms of reduced viability). Despite the challenges, incorporation of functionality into species recovery planning is possible in most cases and it is essential to a conservation vision that goes beyond preventing extinctions and aims to restore a species to levels beyond what is required for its viability. This vision focuses on conservation and recovery at the species level and sees species as embedded in ecosystems, influencing and being influenced by the processes in those ecosystems. Thus, it connects and integrates conservation at the species and ecosystem levels.     

A regional environmental management information system for Chinese EPA—the system analysis and design

REMIS is one of key research projects sponsored by the central government. It is recommended to regional EPAs as a main tool of the environmental management. REMIS simulates the functions of the regional EPAs and aimed to improve their management level. The national environmental management information system will base on REMIS.Functional analysis is the kernel of the REMIS system analysis. Data and data flow analysis are used to support the functional analysis.Investigations on the functions of the local EPAs of eight provinces and 12 cities have been taken. The functions were carefully sorted. Modular design method was used in system analysis and system design.The system analysis included functional analysis, data analysis and data flow analysis. The system design is based on the system analysis. HIPO diagram of each modular, data base structure, menu design, selection of hardware and software environment were the main items of the system design.