黄土高原4种乡土牧草群落的α多样性

以群落最小面积为取样单位，调查了白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、无芒隐子草和冰草4种群落的生态学基本特征，确定α多样性的13个指数．结果表明：Margalef与Menhiniek指数及PieLou与Heip指数之间相关性显著．进一步分析发现，本地区4个群落多样性按照大小排序分两类：一类是Menhiniek、PIE、Heip指数等，由大到小依次为冰草、无芒隐子草、达乌里胡枝子和白羊草群落，与各群落在演替中的顺序相同；另一类是Fisher指数和物种总数，排序在达乌里胡枝子和白羊草群落发生了变化．结合其他生态学特征可以得出以下结论：造成白羊草、达鸟里胡枝子群落生物量大，建群种在群落中优势明显这一现象的原因是其凭借较强的竞争能力优先占有生态化，使伴生种和稀有种的发展受到约束从而生长困难，致使有限的资源可集中利用．表明在生境恶劣的黄土高原，竞争能力决定物种对生态位的占有程度．图3表5参35     

广州市幼儿园儿童对羟基苯甲酸酯内暴露水平及分布特征

对羟基苯甲酸酯是一种防腐剂和抑菌剂,广泛应用于食品、药品和化妆品等行业。研究已证实对羟基苯甲酸酯具有一定的生殖毒性、发育毒性以及雌激素活性。通过测定尿液中对羟基苯甲酸酯的含量,可综合地反映出人体对羟基苯甲酸酯的暴露情况。本研究采集66例广州市某幼儿园儿童尿样,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测了其中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯和对羟基苯甲酸苄酯等5种对羟基苯甲酸酯浓度水平。对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯的中值浓度分别为4.42、1.39和1.74μg·L~(-1)。对羟基苯甲酸丁酯和对羟基苯甲酸苄酯检出率较低。本研究中广州市幼儿园儿童对羟基苯甲酸酯含量水平远低于欧美国家同龄儿童,而与印度同龄儿童水平相当。相关性分析显示,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯与对羟基苯甲酸丙酯呈一定程度的相关性,暗示二者可能有相同的来源。     

有机膨润土吸附处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水

采用自制的有机膨润土对苯胺基乙腈生产废水进行吸附预处理实验,分别考察了废水pH、有机膨润土投加量、吸附温度及吸附时间等因素对吸附率的影响。结果表明,有机膨润土对苯胺基乙腈生产废水进行吸附预处理是可行的,其较优的工艺条件为:有机膨润土投加量为20 g/L、废水pH为6.0、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为60 min,在此条件下COD及苯胺去除率分别达到了23.3%及54.4%,可生化性BOD5/COD由难以测量出可提高到0.11左右。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法直接进样测定水中草甘膦和丁基黄原酸

通过优化色谱条件、稀释样品、加入氨水等措施,建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱法直接进样分析地表水及自来水中草甘膦和丁基黄原酸的方法。草甘膦和丁基黄原酸在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2) 0. 999。方法检出限分别为5. 20(前处理中对样品进行了20倍稀释)和0. 08μg/L,远低于国家标准限值要求。草甘膦和丁基黄原酸的加标回收率分别为73. 8%～92. 3%和85. 0%～113. 0%,样品间的标准偏差均10%,准确度和精密度均满足质控要求。该方法简化了样品前处理过程,成功降低了基质效应对草甘膦和丁基黄原酸测定的干扰。     

Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Chang-Zhu-Tan Region, Hunan, China

Street dusts collected from 20 locations in the Chang-Zhu-Tan (Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan) region, Hunan, China, in May to July 2006, were investigated for sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The individual PAH concentrations were in the range of 10–4316 ng g^?1, and ∑PAHs₁₆ levels were in the range of 3,515–24,488 ng g^?1, with a mean of 8,760 ng g^?1. The high-molecular-weight PAHs (four to six rings), ranging from 47.51 to 82.11 %, with a mean of 74.79 %, were the dominant PAH compounds in almost all of the dusts. The isomer ratios suggested a rather uniform mixture of coal combustion and petroleum PAH sources. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis indicate that the main sources of the 16 PAHs were coal combustion/vehicle exhaust, coking/petroleum, and plant combustion, with contribution rates of 50.9, 35.01, and 14.08, respectively. The spatial distributions of PAH concentrations were significantly related to the distribution of industries, traffic circulation, and farmland in this region.     

Enhancement of exopolysaccharides production and reactive oxygen species level of Nostoc flagelliforme in response to dehydration

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nostoc flagelliforme is a remarkable drought-resistant terrestrial cyanobacterium whose exopolysaccharides (EPS) have been found to exert important...     

Green Synthesis of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol Hybride Aerogel and Its Application for Dye Removal

A novel Fe₃O₄/cellulose–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aerogel was successfully synthesized by an eco-friendly and facile method in this work. Cellulose/PVA matrix was prepared through an environmental friendly physical cross-linking process and further in-situ decorated with Fe₃O₄. Series of Fe₃O₄ decorated aerogels were prepared and the effects of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) on the aerogels were systematic investigated. As-prepared aerogels exhibited desirable properties including nanostructure, relatively high porosity, improved mechanical and superparamagnetism. The TEM results showed that Fe₃O₄ NPs were integrated in the three-dimensional matrix of cellulose/PVA with a diameter of 9–12 nm. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of the aerogels was significantly enhanced after the introduction of Fe₃O₄ NPs. Meanwhile, the obtained Fe₃O₄/cellulose/PVA aerogel exhibited excellent adsorption performance toward methyl blue dye, and can be reused through fenton-like catalysts oxidative degradation of organic dye in H₂O₂ solution. Therefore, they will have a great potential application as eco-friendly and economical adsorbents.     

Antecedents of satisfaction and engagement of low-carbon bicycle-sharing using in China

Transport sector contributed numerous carbon emissions in China. It is important to promote low-carbon bicycle-sharing using in China. This paper aims to analyze the influencing factors of the satisfaction and engagement of bicycle-sharing in China. An extended model of customer satisfaction is established, which considers both customer satisfaction theory and customer engagement theory. We explore the different effect of convenience, health, safety, and facility on satisfaction of bicycle-sharing using. We also explore the role of satisfaction on three different dimensions of engagement: enthusiasm, participation, and social interaction. Multi-group structure equation model is employed to explore the different roles of gender on the determinants of satisfaction and engagement of bicycle-sharing using. The findings reveal that facilities had the larger effect on satisfaction of bicycle-sharing using than safety and health for male. Safety had the largest influence on satisfaction of bicycle-sharing using for female, followed by facility, convenience, and health.

     

Zero-valent manganese nanoparticles coupled with different strong oxidants for thallium removal from wastewater

• Nano zero-valent manganese (nZVMn, Mn⁰) is synthesized via borohydrides reduction. • Mn⁰ combined with persulfate/hypochlorite is effective for Tl removal at pH 6-12. • Mn⁰ can activate persulfate to form hydroxyl and sulfate radicals. • Oxidation-induced precipitation and surface complexation contribute to Tl removal. • Combined Mn⁰-oxidants process is promising in the environmental field. Nano zero-valent manganese (nZVMn, Mn⁰) was prepared through a borohydride reduction method and coupled with different oxidants (persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻), hypochlorite (ClO⁻), or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)) to remove thallium (Tl) from wastewater. The surface of Mn⁰ was readily oxidized to form a core-shell composite (MnO_x@Mn⁰), which consists of Mn⁰ as the inner core and MnO_x (MnO, Mn₂O₃, and Mn₃O₄) as the outer layer. When Mn⁰ was added alone, effective Tl(I) removal was achieved at high pH levels (>12). The Mn⁰-H₂O₂ system was only effective in Tl(I) removal at high pH (>12), while the Mn⁰-S₂O₈²⁻ or Mn⁰-ClO⁻ system had excellent Tl(I) removal (>96%) over a broad pH range (4–12). The Mn⁰-S₂O₈²⁻ oxidation system provided the best resistance to interference from an external organic matrix. The isotherm of Tl(I) removal through the Mn⁰-S₂O₈²⁻ system followed the Freundlich model. The Mn⁰ nanomaterials can activate persulfate to produce sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that oxidation-induced precipitation, surface adsorption, and electrostatic attraction are the main mechanisms for Tl(I) removal resulting from the combination of Mn⁰ and oxidants. Mn⁰ coupled with S₂O₈²⁻/ClO⁻ is a novel and effective technique for Tl(I) removal, and its application in other fields is worthy of further investigation.     

How much heterogeneity? Flow versus area from a big data perspective

Over the past 10 years, there has been an increased recognition that matrix diffusion processes are a significant factor controlling the success of groundwater remediation. New field techniques and modeling tools have, consequently, been developed to understand how contaminants diffuse into and then out of low‐permeability (“low‐k”) zones and assess the resulting impact on groundwater quality. Matrix diffusion, in turn, is driven by one key factor: geologic heterogeneity. The importance of heterogeneity is being emphasized in the groundwater field by general rules of thumb such as “90% of the mass flux occurs in 10%‐20% of the cross‐sectional area” and conceptual models that show most of the groundwater flow occurs through the aquifer's “mobile porosity” which just a small fraction of commonly used effective porosity values (between 0.02 and 0.10 for mobile porosity vs. 0.25 for effective porosity). For this study, 141 boring logs from 43 groundwater remediation sites were evaluated to develop an empirically based estimate of the groundwater flow versus aquifer cross‐sectional area to confirm or reject the general flow versus area rules of thumb. This study indicated that at these 43 sites, an average of 30% of the cross‐sectional area carried 90% of the groundwater flow. Our flow‐only analysis does provide moderate (but not confirmatory) support for the “mobile porosity” concept with an estimated representative mobile porosity value of about 0.11 at the 43 sites.