Ecosystem management to achieve ecological sustainability: The case of South Florida

The ecosystems of South Florida are unique in the world. The defining features of the natural Everglades (large spatial scale, temporal patterns of water storage and sheetflow, and low nutrient levels) historically allowed a mosaic of habitats with characteristic animals. Massive hydrological alterations have halved the Everglades, and ecological sustainability requires fundamental changes in management.The US Man and the Biosphere Human-Dominated Systems Directorate is conducting a case study of South Florida using ecosystem management as a framework for exploring options for mutually dependent sustainability of society and the environment. A new methodology was developed to specify sustainability goals, characterize human factors affecting the ecosystem, and conduct scenario/consequence analyses to examine ecological and societal implications. South Florida has sufficient water for urban, agricultural, and ecological needs, but most water drains to the sea through the system of canals; thus, the issue is not competition for resources but storage and management of water. The goal is to reestablish the natural system for water quantity, timing, and distribution over a sufficient area to restore the essence of the Everglades.The societal sustainability in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is at risk because of soil degradation, vulnerability of sugar price supports, policies affecting Cuban sugar imports, and political/economic forces aligned against sugar production. One scenario suggested using the EAA for water storage while under private sugar production, thereby linking sustainability of the ecological system with societal sustainability. Further analyses are needed, but the US MAB project suggests achieving ecological sustainability consistent with societal sustainability may be feasible.     

二噁监测方法的新进展

本文从样品采集及前处理 ,测定方法等方面对近几年二口恶口英的研究进展作一综述。     

鲤鱼对三种硝基芳族化合物的摄取、释放和生物富集

用第二松花江水和鱼体中多次检出的三种硝基芳族化合物来分别测定鲤鱼体中的生物富集系数（ＢＣＦ），摄取和释放动力学参数，以及在肌肉、肠、肝和鳃等组织中的分布。试验在半静态条件下进行。硝基芳族化合物在鲤鱼体内的释放可用双区一级动力学模型很好地描述。鲤鱼对２，４－二硝基甲苯和对硝基氯苯的富集过程中发现有未知的代谢产物生成。     

响应面法优化石油降解菌性能的研究

从延长油田石油污染土壤中筛选出4株能以原油为唯一碳源生长的细菌单菌株,鉴定其优势菌株YC-2为枯草芽孢杆菌;利用响应面法进行实验设计,选定培养温度、pH值、氮磷比以及盐度为影响因素,对原油含量为0.5%的培养基进行YC-2菌株降解工艺优化,得到了原油降解率与4种因素之间的非线性回归方程,确定了降解原油的最优工艺条件:培养温度28℃;pH值6.5,氮磷比5.2:1,盐度0.45%。在最优条件下,预测降解率为53.9%,实验验证值为52.5%,结果显示,建立的模型具有较高的精度。     

孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对子代大鼠糖代谢的影响

探讨孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对子代大鼠成年后糖代谢稳态的影响。Wistar孕鼠随机分组,自孕0天(GD0)起分别以0 mg·kg^-1(对照组)、4 mg·kg^-1(低剂量组)和8 mg·kg^-1 (高剂量组) PFOS(以饲料中PFOS计)经口染毒至仔鼠出生后21天(PND21)断乳为止。高效液相/质谱法检测PND1、PND21和PND42时仔鼠血清PFOS含量。检测仔鼠断乳后第8周和第18周时空腹血糖和胰岛素水平计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);比较仔鼠口服糖耐量及肝脏糖代谢关键酶表达水平改变。结果显示：发育期PFOS暴露导致仔鼠出现血清中PFOS蓄积,以PND21时浓度最高,在低剂量组和高剂量组中分别为(7.77±1.45) μg·mL^-1和(5.09±0.57) μg·mL^-1。与对照组相比,不同剂量组仔鼠在断乳前后均出现明显体重降低,并在成年后出现高胰岛素血症,但PFOS仅在雄性仔鼠中引起了血糖升高。18周龄时口服糖耐量结果显示,PFOS暴露使雄性仔鼠在该阶段出现糖耐量受损,同时造成过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ协同刺激因子(PGC-1)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)表达水平的显著增高以及葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6P)表达水平的显著降低。以上结果说明PFOS孕哺期暴露可引起子代成年后糖代谢失调,有增加糖尿病患病风险可能。     

水产品中重金属异质性导致的风险

重金属在自然界中可以多种形态广泛存在,人们通过食物链将其摄入,其在人体内的吸收、转化、代谢因形态不同而不同。随着对食品中重金属危害的深入研究,发现不同形态的重金属具有不同的风险。目前对于水产品中重金属的安全评价主要以总量为标准,没有完善的具体形态检测及标准,导致了不能准确评价水产品中重金属对人体健康的风险。本文讨论了砷、汞、镉和铅4种水产品中常见重金属的不同形态对人体健康风险的差异,探讨了重金属形态异质性引起的毒性差异,以期准确评估重金属不同形态对环境和生物的风险,为水产品重金属的膳食风险评估提供参考。     

接种不同污泥源条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的特性

2组ASBR接种污泥源分别为好氧硝化污泥、好氧硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥按2：1比例}昆合的混合污泥。在相同条件下,经过驯化培养均实现了厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行。接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的适应期为29d,经过105d的培养反应器成功启动;接种混合污泥的反应器的适应期为13d,经过49d反应器启动成功。从2组ASBR污泥中提取细菌总DNA,经过厌氧氨氧化菌特异引物Pla46rc／Amx820对污泥样品进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序等分析。实验结果表明,接种不同污泥源条件下的反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌的特性存在差异,接种污泥源为好氧硝化污泥的反应器中存在的厌氧氨氧化菌种为CandidatusKuenenia,而接种混合污泥的反应器中存在的厌氧氨氧化菌种为CandidatusAnammox—oglobus,与最初接种的混合污泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌相同。当接种污泥中存在厌氧氨氧化菌时,该菌株经过长时间的驯化可成为优势菌种,而当接种污泥中无厌氧氨氧化菌存在时,CandidatusKueneniasp．可以在反应器中占主导,具有更强的竞争优势。     

河南省大气污染的气候分类

分析确定了影响大气污染的主要气候因子。根据省内各气象站的常规测资料，采用模糊聚类和纳污指数的方法将该省分成５个气候类型区。结果表明，纳污能力以中部地区为最强，占全省面积３／５的南、东、北邻近省界地区较强，豫西山区最弱。     

常温低基质厌氧氨氧化反应器启动及其稳定性

以上向流生物滤池为反应器,以实验室内氧化沟回流污泥为接种污泥,采用先培育好氧生物膜,后转为厌氧环境培育厌氧氨氧化生物膜的方式,成功实现了常温低基质浓度下厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。控制反应器进水pH为7.50～7.80,NH4+-N为30～40 mg/L,NO2--N为35～50 mg/L,温度为20～25℃。224 d以后,反应器启动成功。在稳定运行阶段,出水亚硝氮和氨氮的平均浓度分别为1.4 mg/L和4.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为95.3%和90.1%,去除比例为1～1.8∶1,主要集中在1.4～1.5∶1,亚硝氮和氨氮去除的容积负荷分别为104.2 mg/(L.d)和146.0 mg/(L.d)。     

Presence of bacteria in aqueous solution influences virus adsorption on nanoparticles

Virus contamination in wastewater is usually accompanied by the existence of various bacteria. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to efficiently remove virus. In this study, bacterial cells, supernatants, and cultures were harvested separately from three strains at the culture ages of 6 and 24 h, corresponding to the log and stationary phases, respectively. The aim is to investigate how their presence affects virus adsorption on the three Fe and Al oxide NPs (α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃-B, and Al₂O₃) and how these effects change with bacterial growth phase. Bacteriophage phiX174 was used as a virus model. Results showed that bacterial cells, supernatants, and cultures harvested at 6 h generally reduced virus adsorption by an average of 0.75?±?0.84, 7.7?±?9.0, and 10.3?±?8.6 %, respectively, while those harvested at 24 h reduced virus adsorption by an average of 2.1?±?0.93, 21.5?±?6.6, and 24.6?±?6.9 %, respectively. Among the NPs, α-Fe₂O₃ showed more sensitivity to bacteria than the other two, probably because of its relatively higher value of point of zero charge. It was found that cell-induced and supernatant-induced reductions were combined to achieve added results, in which the supernatants contributed much more than the cells, implying that the bacterial exudates might be more crucial in the reduced virus adsorption than the bacterial cells. These results strongly demonstrated that the bacteria-induced reduction in virus adsorption became more significant with culture age. It is suggested that studies conducted in the absence of bacteria may not accurately evaluate the potential of virus removal efficiency of the NPs in bacteria-containing environments.