一种新型环境友好污水处理工艺——蚯蚓生态滤池

蚯蚓生态滤池将蚯蚓创造性地引入到污水处理系统中,延长和扩展了微生物代谢链,强化了生态系统富集与扩散、合成与分解、拮抗与协同等多种自然调控作用,实现了污水污泥的同步高效处理。滤池出水可用作绿化争农田灌溉,蚓粪污泥含水率低,减量化稳定化效果显著,较好地解决了剩余污泥的处置问题。蚯蚓生态滤池工艺高效节能,具有鲜明的“生态平衡”和“环境友好”技术特色,符合可持续发展的理念,具有技术经济竞争优势,环境效益比较显著,具有良好的实际应用前景。     

生化-调碱后垃圾渗滤液的Fenton深度处理效果

针对上海老港垃圾填埋场经过厌氧-曝气塘处理后的渗滤液难进一步处理的问题,对其采用厌氧滤池-好氧接触法、氧化钙2种方式预处理,在此预处理基础上,考察了Fenton法深度处理的效果,探讨了H2O2/Fe2+投加比、初始pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间和Fenton试剂投加方式对渗滤液COD去除效果的影响。研究发现:经过生物预处理后,渗滤液的COD和TP分别降低了24%和25%;氧化钙调碱可以进一步使COD和TP去除率分别达到42%和96%;后续Fenton深度氧化的最佳条件为:初始pH为2,H2O2投加量为2.4 g/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为5∶1,Fenton试剂一次投加,反应时间为2 h。在此条件下,渗滤液的COD从1 340 mg/L降到198 mg/L,总COD去除率达到85%。     

化学强化-复合人工湿地组合工艺对东莞运河污水的处理效果

通过采用混凝法的化学强化预处理单元和以水平潜流-折流型潜流复合人工湿地作为后续深度处理单元,对东莞运河进行了为期半年以上的示范工程运行实验研究。实验结果表明,经过化学强化法的作用,去除了大量的颗粒悬浮物,对进水水体中的COD、BOD5和TP有明显去除,其去除率分别为28.23%、20.65%和30.41%~72.16%,但对NH4+-N、TN的处理不够理想;经过复合人工湿地后COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+-N和TN的总去除率分别达到65.53%、57.55%、88.66%、60.94%和29.48%,说明该组合工艺对COD、BOD5、TP和NH4+-N均有较好的处理效果,但对TN的去除率仍不高,主要原因是湿地系统溶解氧较高,限制了反硝化去除TN的作用。从总体处理效果来看,化学强化-复合人工湿地组合工艺对东莞运河污水有良好的处理效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

生物炭耦合菌剂去除污染水体中的苯胺

为了更有效地去除突发性污染水体中的致毒有机化合物,采用生物炭耦合微生物技术对污染水体中的苯胺进行了去除研究。首先,以柚皮为原料,利用高温裂解制备法,通过优化裂解温度和裂解时间,制备得到生物炭;进而,探明生物炭对苯胺的吸附特性与机制;最后,以体积比1:1制得Comamonas sp.TZ1和Pseudomonas sp.JH1混合菌剂,接种至生物炭反应器(R1)中构建生物炭耦合微生物反应器(R2),考察其对苯胺的处理效果。结果表明:生物炭较适宜的制备条件为裂解温度600 ℃和裂解时间2 h;对苯胺的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温方程,属于多分子层吸附;在连续动态运行18 d过程中,当水体中苯胺初始浓度分别由50 mg/L降至10 mg/L和10 mg/L降至5 mg/L时,R1中所吸附的苯胺因浓度差驱动作用重新进入水体,去除率分别为-194%和-21.19%,而R2则能一直呈现较好的去除效果。     

两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统的试验研究

通过分析不同水力负荷下两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统进出水水质以及堵塞问题,研究水力负荷对两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统污水处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,陶粒柱中,当水力负荷从2 m3/(m2·d)提高到6 m2/(m2·d)时,COD去除率下降.水力负荷对出水污泥SS的影响不显著,但出水污泥VSS/SS却与水力负荷呈极显著正相关;煤渣桂中,水力负荷提高对有机物去除效果有一定的影响,但影响程度较小.随水力负荷的提高,煤渣柱出水NH4 -N浓度逐渐升高.其平均去除率分别为74.51%,58.21%、45.53%,下降趋势明显;由于陶粒柱中蚯蚓的作用和陶粒柱的预处理作用,在提高水力负荷的情况下,陶粒柱和煤渣柱均未发生堵塞问题,装置运行稳定.     

Characteristics of environmental factors and their effects on CH4 and CO2 emissions from a closed landfill: An ecological case study of Shanghai

To elucidate the influence of landfill gas (LFG) emission on environmental factors, an ecological investigation that was primarily concerned with the characteristics of vegetation, cover soil, and solid waste in the landfill was carried out. Temporal and spatial variations in vegetation diversity and coverage and their effects on reducing the emission of methane in the landfill were investigated. The results showed that both vegetation coverage and diversity increased with elapsed landfill closure time. The transition trend of the vegetation species was from perennial plant (Phragmites australis) to annual plants. Perennial vegetation was the dominant type of vegetation during the early closure period, and annual vegetation coverage increased with closure time. Vegetation preferentially appeared in areas of comparatively high depth of cover soil, which was characterized by high moisture retentiveness that enabled vegetation growth. The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide in the cover soil significantly decreased with increasing closure time. The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide from bare cover soil were higher than those from vegetated cover soil whereas the CO₂ flux of bare cover soil was less than that of vegetated cover soil.     

旅游景区标识系统的个性化实现路径研究——以三峡车溪民俗旅游区为例

旅游景区标识系统在展示景区形象、引导和管理旅游者、提升旅游者体验等方面具有重要作用,规范化与个性化是其设计的基本要求.在阐明景区标识系统的个性化内涵基础上,探讨了基于文化符号的个性化实现路径;以三峡车溪民俗旅游区为例,对其标识系统进行了个性化改进设计,以期为景区标识系统个性化建设提供理论指导和经验借鉴.     

Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication

The concentration and geochemical fractionation of six trace metals related with environmental quality assessment, namely Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in 30 surface sediments from both inshore and offshore areas of the Taiwan Strait were measured to investigate their distribution characteristics, evaluate their potential mobility, and assess their pollution status. The geoaccumulation index results indicated that, on average, the studied metals presented an order of Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cr and were practically in uncontaminated status except Cd. The results of the sequential extraction analysis indicated that, on average, the studied metals were mostly accumulated in residual fraction except Cd whose concentration was the highest in the acid soluble fraction presenting a high risk to the environment, and their mobility decreased in the sequence of Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Cr. Based on the mean probable effect level quotients, the combination of the studied metals had an 8 % probability of being toxic at two sampling sites and had a 21 % probability of being toxic at the rest of sites. The spatial distribution of the studied metals in total concentrations and different geochemical fractions corroborated the previous findings about the possible sediment transportation routes in and around the Taiwan Strait.     

超临界水的物理化学性质及意义

水的许多性质在其临界区域随温度、压力的升高有着异常的变化行为，这种行为不仅控制着热液体系中的质量和热量输运过程，使得流体和对流热通量以及水溶液溶质的大多数标准偏摩尔性质在水的临界点附近接近正的或负的无穷大，而且也影响着体系中的化学过程。超临界水溶液流体与室温下的电解质溶液在许多方面有很大的差别，这些差别对水如何溶解矿物及迁移金属和配合物具有深刻的影响。