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961.
Caroline Hoyoux Magali Zbinden Sarah Samadi Françoise Gaill Philippe Compère 《Marine Biology》2009,156(12):2421-2439
Wood falls in the deep sea have recently become the focus of studies showing their importance as nutrients on the deep-sea
floor. In such environments, Crustaceans constitute numerically the second-largest group after Mollusks. Many questions have
arisen regarding their trophic role therein. A careful examination of the feeding appendages, gut contents, and gut lining
of Munidopsis
andamanica caught with wood falls revealed this species as a truly original detritivorous species using wood and the biofilm covering
it as two main food sources. Comparing individuals from other geographic areas from substrates not reported highlights the
galatheid crab as specialist of refractory substrates, especially vegetal remains. M.
andamanica also exhibits a resident gut microflora consisting of bacteria and fungi possibly involved in the digestion of wood fragments.
The results suggest that Crustaceans could be full-fledged actors in the food chains of sunken-wood ecosystems and that feeding
habits of some squat lobsters could be different than scavenging. 相似文献
962.
Maud C. O. Ferrari Grant E. Brown François Messier Douglas P. Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(9):1369-1375
Despite the importance of acquired predator recognition in mediating predator–prey interactions, we know little about the
specific characteristics that prey use to distinguish predators from non-predators. Recent experiments with mammals and fish
indicate that some prey lacking innate predator recognition have the ability to display anti-predator responses upon their
first encounter with those predators if they are similar to predators that the prey has recently learned to recognize. This
phenomenon is referred to as generalization of predator recognition. In this experiment, we documented for the first time
that larval amphibians (woodfrog, Rana sylvatica) have the ability to generalize the recognition of known predators to closely related novel predators. Moreover, we demonstrated
that this ability is dependent on the level of risk associated with the known predator. When red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster (known predator), was paired with simulated low risk, tadpoles displayed fright responses to newts and novel tiger salamanders,
Ambystoma tigrinum, but not to novel African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis. However, when the newt was paired with simulated high risk, tadpoles generalized their responses to both tiger salamanders
and African clawed frogs. Larval anurans seem to have a wider generalization frame than other animals. 相似文献
963.
Alexandra Baeta Ivan Valiela Francesca Rossi Rute Pinto Pierre Richard Nathalie Niquil João C. Marques 《Marine Biology》2009,156(10):2107-2120
In estuaries, eelgrass meadows contribute to fundamental ecosystem functions of estuaries, providing food to several predators
and buffering the negative effects of eutrophication. We asked whether the presence of the eelgrass Zostera noltii decreased the nitrogen concentration in the overlying water, affected the sources of nitrogen sequestrated by primary producers
and changed the benthic and pelagic food web structures. We also studied the importance of these food webs in providing food
to fish. We compared bare sediment to sediment covered by a Z. noltii meadow, and examined nutrient concentrations in the water column and δ15N in primary producers as indicators of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients. We then measured both δ13C and δ15N in the tissues of plants and consumers to establish food web structures. There were no differences in the concentrations
and sources of nitrogen between sites. Rather, δ15N values indicated anthropogenic inputs of N (e.g. sewage discharges, agriculture) in both sites. There were no major differences
in the structure of the planktonic food web, which was in part sustained by particulate organic matter and supported most
predator fish, and in the structure of the benthic food web. Nonetheless, there were differences in the sources of food for
omnivore consumers and for the detritivore Scrobicularia plana. Overall, the benthic food web did not use food derived from the eelgrass or macroalgae deposited on the substratum. Suspension
feeders used particulate and sediment organic matter, whereas the δ13C and δ15N values of the other consumers indicated a likely contribution of benthic microalgae. Furthermore, in both habitats we found
large variability in the isotope signatures of benthic macrofauna consumers, which did not allow distinguishing clearly different
trophic groups and indicated a high level of omnivory and a mixed diet opportunistically making use of the availability of
food in the surroundings. 相似文献
964.
Guy Mercier Myriam Chartier Denis Couillard Jean-François Blais 《Environmental management》1999,24(4):517-528
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to leach metals from APCR to render them nonhazardous. The multistage solubilization process involves an alkaline aqueous
phase that removes some Pb. In the second phase, the APCR are acidified to pH 4 with H2SO4, then inoculated with a bacterial culture that has been acclimated in the presence of 2% Fe (FeCl3). Several rinses and decantings achieve removal of the leachable metals. The final step involves the addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 and an increase in the treatment pH prior to the final filtration. Viability of thiobacilli in APCR was poor. Despite this
problem, the removal of Pb was 35.9%, 46.0%, and 68.7% (for APCR containing 1594, 3026, and 5038 mg Pb/kg, respectively),
which demonstrates greater metal removal with increased APCR contamination. Zn removal varied from 68.2% (8273 mg Zn/kg APCR)
to 79.5% (16,873 mg Zn/kg APCR), which was positively correlated to the level of residue contamination, whereas Cu was removed
in the proportions of 26.9% (495 mg Cu/kg APCR) to 68.2% (465 mg Cu/kg APCR). Cadmium removal appeared to be independent of
the level of Cd in the APCR; Cd was removed to the greatest degree, with a variation of 92.0% (129 mg Cd/kg APCR) to 94.7%
(267 mg Cd/kg APCR). The treated APCR were tested using four different leachate tests. The APCR released 43 mg Pb/liter during
contact with water, and 7.40 mg Cd/liter during TCLP [the toxicity characterization leaching procedure of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)]. After biological treatment, the leachate from TCLP was within the acceptance criteria
of the US EPA, if the pH of the APCR was increased to pH 5 after the biological treatment. In the case of the Transport Canada
leaching test, a betterment of the process is required in order to satisfy the stringent regulatory level of 0.5 mg Cd/liter
(0.68 and 0.57 mg/liter). 相似文献
965.
Oliveira C Martins N Tavares J Pio C Cerqueira M Matos M Silva H Oliveira C Camões F 《Chemosphere》2011,83(11):1588-1596
Atmospheric aerosols of four aerodynamic size ranges were collected using high volume cascade impactors in an extremely busy roadway tunnel in Lisbon (Portugal). Dust deposited on the tunnel walls and guardrails was also collected. Average particle mass concentrations in the tunnel atmosphere were more than 30 times higher than in the outside urban background air, revealing its origins almost exclusively from fresh vehicle emissions. Most of the aerosol mass was concentrated in submicrometer fractions (65%), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were even more concentrated in the finer particles with an average of 84% of total PAH present in sizes smaller than 0.49 μm. The most abundant PAH were methylated phenanthrenes, fluoranthene and pyrene. About 46% of the total PAH mass was attributed to lower molecular weight compounds (two and three rings), suggesting a strong influence of diesel vehicle emissions on the production of local particulate PAH. The application of diagnostic ratios confirmed the relevance of this source of PAH in the tunnel ambient air. Deposited dust presented PAH profiles similar to the coarser aerosol size range, in agreement with the predominant origin of coarser aerosol particles from soil dust resuspension and vehicle wear products. 相似文献
966.
Lors C Ponge JF Martínez Aldaya M Damidot D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2974-2981
Bioassays on aqueous and solid phases of contaminated soils were compared, belonging to a wide array of trophic and response levels and using ecoscores for evaluating ecotoxicological and genotoxicological endpoints. The method was applied to four coke factory soils contaminated mainly with PAHs, but also to a lesser extent by heavy metals and cyanides. Aquatic bioassays do not differ from terrestrial bioassays when scaling soils according to toxicity but they are complementary from the viewpoint of ecological relevance. Both aquatic and terrestrial endpoints are strongly correlated with concentrations of 3-ring PAHs. This evaluation procedure allows us to propose a cost-effective battery which embraces a wide array of test organisms and response levels: it includes two rapid bioassays (Microtox(?) and springtail avoidance), a micronucleus test and three bioassays of a longer duration (algal growth, lettuce germination and springtail reproduction). This battery can be recommended for a cost-effective assessment of polluted/remediated soils. 相似文献
967.
Viel JF Floret N Deconinck E Focant JF De Pauw E Cahn JY 《Environment international》2011,37(2):449-453
Organochlorine chemicals may contribute to an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) within non-occupationally exposed populations. Among these chemicals, dioxins and furans were mainly released by municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) until a recent past in France, a source of exposure that is of public concern. We investigated organochlorines and the risk of NHL among neighbors of a French MSWI with high levels of dioxin emissions (Besan?on, France), using serum concentrations to assess exposure. The study area consisted of three electoral wards, containing or surrounding the MSWI. Pesticides, dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the serum of 34 newly diagnosed NHL cases (2003-2005) and 34 controls. Risks of NHL associated with each lipid-corrected serum concentration were estimated using exact logistic regression. The pesticides β-hexachlorocyclohexane (odds ratio [OR]=1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00-1.12, per 10 ng/g lipid) and p,p' dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.01-1.45, per 10 ng/g lipid) were associated with NHL risk. Evidence indicated an increased NHL risk associated with cumulative WHO(1998)-toxic equivalency factor (TEQ) concentrations (dioxins, OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.03-1.26; furans, OR=1.16, 95% CI=1.03-1.35; dioxin-like PCBs, OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.00-1.07; and total TEQ, OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.05), as well as with non dioxin-like PCBs (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01-1.05, per 10 ng/g lipid). Most congener-specific associations were statistically significant. This study provides strong and consistent support for an association between serum cumulative WHO(1998)-TEQ concentrations, at levels experienced by people residing in the vicinity of a polluting MSWI, and risk of NHL. 相似文献
968.
Sustainability: characteristics and scientific roots 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
969.
Foltête AS Masfaraud JF Bigorgne E Nahmani J Chaurand P Botta C Labille J Rose J Férard JF Cotelle S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2515-2522
Mineral sunscreen nanocomposites, based on a nano-TiO2 core, coated with aluminium hydroxide and dimethicone films, were submitted to an artificial ageing process. The resulting Altered TiO2 Nanocomposites (ATN) were then tested in the liquid phase on the plant model Vicia faba, which was exposed 48 h to three nominal concentrations: 5, 25 and 50 mg ATN/L. Plant growth, photosystem II maximum quantum yield, genotoxicity (micronucleus test) and phytochelatins levels showed no change compared to controls. Oxidative stress biomarkers remained unchanged in shoots while in roots, glutathione reductase activity decreased at 50 mg ATN/L and ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased for 5 and 25 mg ATN/L. Nevertheless, despite the weak response of biological endpoints, ICP-MS measurements revealed high Ti and Al concentrations in roots, and X-ray fluorescence micro-spectroscopy revealed titanium internalization in superficial root tissues. Eventual long-term effects on plants may occur. 相似文献
970.
Jacques-Eric Bergez Françoise Carpy-Goulard Sylvie Paradis Aude Ridier 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(4):951-961
Following the request of local stakeholders, a multidisciplinary group of experts was formed to implement a foresight analysis
of the cash crop sector in the Midi-Pyrénées region. The group developed a four-step multidisciplinary and participatory methodology
that defined the objectives, established a shared diagnosis of the issue raised in the regional cash crop sector, implemented
a foresight analysis, and then created a graphical summary. Three types of working groups (steering, restricted, and expanded)
were involved with well-assigned tasks. The dynamic interactions between the different groups of stakeholders and scientists
and the use of graphics and maps as a medium to identify critical areas, such as zones in which production or environmental
issues, are declining or evolving, enabled a shared view of regional problems. The main contribution of this paper is the
presentation of a participative methodology that enabled co-construction of three shared scenarios based on the combination
of five major uncertainties: (i) change in agricultural markets and international trade; (ii) urbanization and regional planning;
(iii) changing patterns of consumption and product processing; (iv) environmental issues in public policies; and (v) ability
of farmers to implement innovative tools and methods. 相似文献