Assessment of the Effectiveness of Environmental Dredging in South Lake,China

Environmental dredging is a primary remedial option for removal of the contaminated material from aquatic environment. Of primary concern in environmental dredging is the effectiveness of the intended sediment removal. A 5-year field monitoring study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the environmental dredging in South Lake, China. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphors, and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As) before and after dredging in sediment were determined and compared. Multiple ecological risk indices were employed to assess the contamination of heavy metals before and after dredging. Our results showed that the total phosphorus levels reduced 42% after dredging. Similar changes for Hg, Zn, As Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni were observed, with reduction percentages of 97.0, 93.1, 82.6, 63.9, 52.7, 50.1, 32.0, and 23.6, respectively, and the quality of sediment improved based on the criterion of Sediment Quality Guidelines by USEPA and contamination degree values (C_d) decreased significantly (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the TN increased 49% after dredging compared to before dredging. Findings from the study demonstrated that the environmental dredging was an effective mechanism for removal of total phosphorus and heavy metals from South Lake. Nevertheless, the dredging was ineffective to remove total nitrogen from sediment. We conclude that the reason for the observed increase in TN after dredging was likely ammonia release from the sediment impairing the dredging effectiveness.     

碳中和时代下我国能量自给型污水处理厂发展方向及工程实践

基于碳中和背景及污水处理可持续、低碳运行理念,分析了我国污水处理厂不同水质、工艺类型、规模等条件下的能源消耗及能源回收特点,提出了以“碳改向技术+低耗高效复合脱氮技术+污泥厌氧共消化技术+污水热能回收技术+节能降耗技术”的污水处理新模式是实现我国能源自给型污水处理厂的关键,并提出我国污水处理厂实现碳中和应分为“完全能源自给”及“能源供应工厂”两个目标.此外,对基于此背景下建设的北京某再生水厂的理论能源自给情况进行了分析,结果表明,通过节能降耗、引入外源有机物、污水源热泵回收等措施,北京某再生水厂能源自给率由12.2%分别提高至17.1%、21.6%、84.7%.     

基于“人工智能”驱动的农村生活污水系统治理专栏序言

伴随流域水污染控制与治理工作的深入,农村分散生活污水治理逐渐成为制约流域水环境改善的关键.同时,农村生活污水治理是人居环境提升、美丽乡村建设以及乡村振兴战略实施的集中体现,事关广大农村居民的切身利益.本专栏是国家水专项“分散污水治理课题”团队近年来科研成果的总结,从污水治理的全生命周期角度出发,尝试通过人工智能赋能治理模式决策、“菜单式”工艺组合、设施运维与监管、长效管理等4个方面对研究和实践进行了梳理总结,构建基于人工智能驱动的农村生活污水治理决策支持系统,以期为北运河流域以及其他区域农村生活污水治理提供科技支撑.     

碱/抗坏血酸活化分子氧氧化水中As（III）

研究了碱/抗坏血酸（H₂A）活化分子氧体系（碱/H₂A体系）氧化水中三价砷（As（III））的过程与机理.考察了pH、H₂A浓度、As（III）初始浓度、水中常见阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-）和有机质富里酸对As（III）氧化效率的影响,通过自由基抑制实验及电子自旋共振（ESR）鉴定了体系中的活性氧物质（ROS）,并采用液相色谱-质谱分析技术鉴定了H₂A的降解产物.结果表明,在pH=9~12范围内,pH值越高,As（III）氧化速率越快;pH=10条件下,随着H₂A浓度从0.05 mmol·L^-1增加到1 mmol·L^-1,反应1 h后,As（III）氧化率从24%增加至92%.机理研究结果表明,H₂O₂是碱/H₂A活化分子氧体系中氧化As（III）的主要ROS,它主要来自碱性条件下H₂A与分子氧的单电子或双电子反应,同时,体系中H₂A也发生了氧化性降解.碱/H₂A体系可用于含砷废水的预处理,并与离子交换吸附方法联合,实现高效除砷.     

电活性生物膜阳极构建及其对2，4，6-三氯酚同步降解和产电

为实现氯酚（CPs）的高效降解和资源化利用,探究微生物燃料电池（MFC）体系优势功能菌,揭示生物降解路径.接种、驯化长春市南郊污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,获得生物膜阳极以构筑MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系,基于扫描电子电镜（SEM）、16S rRNA分析测序方法,考察生物膜阳极微生物的附着情况和优势菌种,基于电化学阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和线性扫描伏安（LSV）等电化学分析手段,表征生物阳极的电化学性能和氧化还原能力.结果表明,生物膜阳极微生物种类丰富,其中Geobacter和Acinetobacter分别为MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系产电和降解驯化期的优势功能菌,体系最大输出电压可达0.55 V,最大功率密度为428.65 mW·m-2,对2,4,6-TCP的降解和矿化率可达97.5%和85.4%.随着MFC循环次数的增加,微生物代谢途径多样化,产电菌逐渐演替为协同菌,且优势功能菌对2,4,6-TCP降解的中间产物（环己醇）,其毒性远低于氯酚或苯酚,更利于被微生物利用.该结果可为氯酚废水的实际处理提供新策略和技术参考.     

2021年3月14—16日中国北方地区沙尘暴天气过程诊断及沙尘污染输送分析

2021年3月14—16日发生在北方地区的沙尘暴天气过程被认为是近10年来我国出现的最强过程.本文在对此次沙尘暴过程天气学特征分析的基础上,利用 HYSPLIT 模式和 GDAS 资料,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨了气候变化背景下沙尘输送源与天气系统的配置关系及本次过程中沙尘污染物PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区分布及贡献.结果表明,此次过程由强烈发展的蒙古气旋及冷锋过境,高空槽后冷空气持续补充引起,中高层强斜压性使地面蒙古气旋强烈发展,大风卷扬起的沙尘随上升气流输送到高空,并在偏北大风引导下,影响了我国大范围地区.内蒙古东北部至河套地区的强涡度梯度带、500、700 hPa较高的强冷平流中心与下层的温度平流差异以及交替的上升下沉运动为本次北方地区大范围沙尘暴过程提供了动力、热力及不稳定度条件.本次沙尘天气过程中,影响呼和浩特、北京的沙尘传输通道主要为北偏东路,影响银川的沙尘传输通道为西北路和北路,过程受多沙源传输通道影响.萨彦岭、蒙古国南部戈壁沙漠为本次沙尘天气PM₁₀的主要潜在源区,传输过程中混合内蒙古沙源地沙尘.总体来说,蒙古国南部戈壁沙漠对本次过程PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献最大.     

生物酶对初沉污泥厌氧发酵产短链脂肪酸的调控研究

旨在通过生物酶调节(碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶)提高初沉污泥的厌氧发酵效率,并通过微生物群落结构解析,SCFAs (short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)组分分析等揭示其调控机理.结果表明,3种生物酶均可增强初沉污泥水解和产酸作用,碱性蛋白酶调控系统对初沉污泥厌氧发酵的促进效果最为明显,发酵第4d SCFAs的产量和产率分别达到1508mg COD/L和0.174g COD/g VSS.对比控制组,SCFAs的产量和产率分别增加了1129mg COD/L和0.13g COD/g VSS.微生物群落结构分析表明,在碱性蛋白酶调控发酵系统中,Lentimicrobium、Proteiniphilum和Bacteroides等发酵相关菌群的相对丰度得到了改善,Methanosaeta、Methanospirillum等产甲烷古菌的活性受到了抑制.同时,生物酶调控对促进发酵过程乙酸占比也有促进作用.     

基于InVEST-PLUS模型的碳储量空间关联性及预测——以广东省为例

构建土地利用碳储量数据库,基于InVEST模型Carbon模块,得到广东省1990~2020年碳储量时空分布情况.用Moran’s I指数和Getis-Ord Gi^*分析格网尺度下碳储量时空分布特征,用Anselin Local Moran’s I得到LISA集聚图.然后运用PLUS模型和14个土地利用驱动因子预测2050年土地利用及其碳储量分布.结果表明,土地利用变化直接影响区域碳储量高低,林地、草地等具有生态服务功能地类碳密度最高,分别是188.44,329.34Mg/hm².碳储量空间格局整体呈现出中部低、北部高、东西中等的特点.碳储量空间分布特征与土地利用特征一致,碳储量显著高值集聚区域分布在建设用地少、生态用地多且连片的粤北地区,显著低值区域分布在国土开发强度和生态用地破碎化程度高的珠三角地带.在自然发展情景下,到2050年广东省土地利用碳储量将减少4327.21万Mg,随着国土空间进一步开发,环珠江口沿岸城市碳储量持续下降.增加植被生态系统碳储量,是实现碳中和的重要手段之一.要继续维持粤北山区生态保护屏障的重要地位,减缓珠三角城市土地开发强度,提高建设用地集约节约能力,形成平衡协调的土地利用和碳储量格局.     

A novel approach to estimate and control denitrification performance in activated sludge systems with respirogram technology

Respirogram technology has been widely applied for aerobic process, however, the response of respirogram to anoxic denitrification is still unclear. To reveal such response may help to design a new method for the evaluation of the performance of denitrification. The size distribution of flocs measured at different denitrification moments demonstrated a clear expansion of flocs triggered by denitrification, during which higher specific endogenous and quasi-endogenous respiration rates (SOUR_e and SOUR_q) were also observed. Furthermore, SOUR_q increases exponentially with the specific denitrification rate (SDNR), suggesting that there should be a maximum SDNR in conventional activated sludge systems. Based on these findings, an index R_q/t, defined as the ratio of quasi-endogenous (OUR_q) to maximum respiration rate (OUR_t), is proposed to estimate the denitrification capacity that higher R_q/t indicates higher denitrification potential, which can be readily obtained without complex measurement or analysis, and it offers a novel and promising respirogram-based approach for denitrification estimation and control by taking measures to extend anoxic time to maintain its value at a high level within a certain range.     

Hydrothermal-treated Pt/Al2O3 as an excellent catalyst for toluene total oxidation

The preparation of highly active supported noble metal catalysts with a low noble metal loading has always been the ultimate goal of researchers working on catalysis. Hydrothermally treated Pt/Al₂O₃ (Pt/Al₂O₃-H) exhibits better catalytic activity than that (Pt/Al₂O₃-C) treated via the conventional calcination approach. At the high space velocity of 100,000 mL/(g∙hr), the temperature that correspond to 50% toluene conversion (T₅₀) of Pt/Al₂O₃-H is 115°C lower than that of Pt/Al₂O₃-C, and the turnover frequency (TOF) value can reach 0.0756 sec⁻¹. The mechanism by which the hydrothermal approach enhances Pt/Al₂O₃ activity has been investigated. The structure associated with the high catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be retained via hydrothermal treatment. Furthermore, the support is transformed to AlO(OH) with numerous surface hydroxyl groups, which in turn can facilitate the adsorption of toluene. And the synergistic effects of Pt NPs and AlO(OH) increases the contents of Pt in oxidation state and active oxygen, which are beneficial for toluene oxidation.