Comparison of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of down-flow and up-flow biological activated carbon effluents

The UF membrane fouling by down- and up-flow BAC effluents were compared. Up-flow BAC effluent fouled the membrane faster than down-flow BAC effluent. The combined effects dominated irreversible fouling. The extent of fouling exacerbated by inorganic particles was higher. The TMP, permeate flux, and normalized membrane flux during 21 days of UF of DBAC and UBAC effluents. Fouling during ultrafiltration of down- and up-flow biological activated carbon effluents was investigated to determine the roles of polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic particles in ultrafiltration membrane fouling. During ultrafiltration of down- flow biological activated carbon effluent, the trans-membrane pressure was≤26 kPa and the permeate flux was steady at 46.7 L?m⁻²?h⁻¹. However, during ultrafiltration of up-flow biological activated carbon effluent, the highest trans-membrane pressure was almost 40 kPa and the permeate flux continuously decreased to 30 L?m⁻²?h⁻¹. At the end of the filtration period, the normalized membrane fluxes were 0.88 and 0.62 for down- and up-flow biological activated carbon effluents, respectively. The membrane removed the turbidity and polysaccharides content by 47.4% and 30.2% in down- flow biological activated effluent and 82.5% and 22.4% in up-flow biological activated carbon effluent, respectively, but retained few proteins. The retention of polysaccharides was higher on the membrane that filtered the down- flow biological activated effluent compared with that on the membrane that filtered the up-flow biological activated carbon effluent. The polysaccharides on the membranes fouled by up-flow biological activated carbon and down- flow biological activated effluents were spread continuously and clustered, respectively. These demonstrated that the up-flow biological activated carbon effluent fouled the membrane faster. Membrane fouling was associated with a portion of the polysaccharides (not the proteins) and inorganic particles in the feed water. When there was little difference in the polysaccharide concentrations between the feed waters, the fouling extent was exacerbated more by inorganic particles than by polysaccharides.     

High-resolution geological cartography and coastal evolution assessment at Armação de Pêra – Galé sector: a prototype for a national coastal mapping

Portuguese coastal areas are of current major concern due to the continuous expansion of a strong urbanization, accentuated development of economic activities, resilient land use and general population growth. A particular attention has been given to the shoreline evolution, pointing out evidences of critical coastal sectors that are prone to suffer adverse consequences of climate changes direct impacts. Areas where climate change and sea-level rise effects will be stronger include, among others, coastal sectors associated to soft rocky or mobile substrate shores and/or low morphological shores with recognized marked erosion trend. Within this context, the knowledge of the geological setting is imperative as different lithologies have distinct resistance and behavior against marine erosion. The available digital geological Portuguese cartography at 1:25000 scale is not suitable to well characterize the geology within the context of small geographic areas or within the perspective of costal management. Hence, the National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG) developed a prototype to evaluate the potential of the integrated “geological and coastal hazard mapping” at a 1:3000 resolution scale. The combination of detailed geology and historical coastline displacement information, in a single map, constitute a new and valuable cartographic product to support coastal managers and general users of littoral regions. The application of the prototype to the entire Portuguese coastal areas will be carried out by LNEG and digital information will be available at LNEG GeoPortal (http://geoportal.lneg.pt/).     

洱海流域湖泊湖滨带福寿螺时空分布

福寿螺是世界100种恶性入侵物种中唯一的水生螺,已对大理及周边地区造成了不可估量的经济损失和生态安全问题。为探究洱海流域湖泊湖滨带福寿螺时空分布及与水环境因子、季节之间的关系,探索福寿螺在大理地区的入侵机制,为大理地区高效防治福寿螺提供建设性建议,并为福寿螺时空分布格局的相关研究积累资料,于2016年冬季和2017年夏季在大理洱海及其上游水源地海西海、西湖、茈碧湖、绿玉池,以及罗时江湿地进行系统抽样,利用统计软件分析福寿螺分布与水质关系,结合GIS,分析福寿螺的时空分布以及潜在入侵危害。结果表明,从空间尺度上,洱海流域福寿螺有进一步扩散的趋势;从时间尺度上,福寿螺的密度随季节性水位的改变而变化;洱海流域的福寿螺分布和水质因子之间基本无相关性。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、黄曲霉毒素B_1和玉米赤霉烯酮对秀丽隐杆线虫的联合毒性研究

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)是最为常见的粮食真菌毒素,易共存于谷物产品和动物饲料中,而目前对其联合毒性的研究较少,且研究结果并不完全一致。为探究DON、AFB_1和ZEN的联合毒性作用,本论文以秀丽隐杆线虫(C.elegans)为模型,分别评估了毒素混合物AFB_1+DON、AFB_1+ZEN、DON+ZEN和AFB_1+DON+ZEN对C.elegans的生长发育(体长)和生殖能力(产卵量)的毒性作用,并用Chou-Talalay模型来判定毒素混合物的相互作用类型。研究表明,AFB_1、DON和ZEN单独染毒C.elegans时,其毒作用强弱为AFB_1ZENDON。联合染毒时,AFB_1+DON对C.elegans产生协同作用,而DON+ZEN则产生拮抗作用;AFB_1+ZEN对体长(24 h)和产卵量的毒作用随着暴露浓度的增加,由弱拮抗变为协同作用,而在毒素暴露48 h后,对线虫的生长发育呈协同作用;AFB_1+DON+ZEN除在EC50-24 h和EC75-24 h时对体长产生明显的毒性增强作用外,其他普遍表现出拮抗作用。由此表明,DON、AFB_1和ZEN对C.elegans的联合毒性作用与剂量和时间相关。     

不同条件下高炉渣吸附水中无机磷的研究

高炉渣(BFS)是在冶炼生铁过程中产生的固体废弃物,开展高炉渣的资源化研究具有重要意义.为了对水淬高炉渣净化含磷污水的应用提供理论依据,采取等温吸附的实验方法,比较了不同水淬炉渣的吸附磷效果,研究了不同pH和不同温度下水淬炉渣吸附磷的特点,结果如下:利用Langmuir等温吸附方程炉渣吸附磷的过程进行拟合,其相关系数均能达到显著水平.炉渣的碱度越高,吸附磷的效果越好;炉渣对磷的吸附能力随溶液pH的增加而降低,且初始为酸性(pH=2、4)的溶液在吸附达到平衡后pH有所上升,而初始为碱性的溶液(pH=10、12)在吸附达到平衡后pH有所下降;炉渣对磷的吸附是一个自发放热过程.     

苯胺降解菌的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化富集培养,从白洋淀底泥中分离筛选出数株能够有效降解苯胺的菌株,经过反复筛选,得到一株能够以苯胺为唯一碳源、高效降解苯胺的菌株BA-1-3.其利用苯胺的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,在苯胺浓度为1000 mg/L,180 r/min条件下振荡培养60 h,降解率达到80%以上.经鉴定,菌株BA-1-3属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrumsp.).     

The longitudinal dependence of black carbon concentration on traffic volume in an urban environment

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of traffic volume on ambient black carbon (BC) concentration in an inner-city neighborhood "hot spot" while accounting for modifying effects of weather and time. Continuous monitoring was conducted for 12 months at the Baltimore Traffic Study site surrounded by major urban streets that together carry over 150,000 vehicles per day. Outdoor BC concentration was measured with an Aethalometer; vehicles were counted pneumatically on two nearby streets. Meteorological data were also obtained. Missing data were imputed and all data were normalized to a 5-min observational interval (n = 105,120). Time-series modeling accounted for autoregressively (AR) correlated errors. This study found that outdoor BC was positively correlated at a statistically significant level with neighborhood-level vehicle counts, which contributed at a rate of 66 +/- 10 (SE) ng/m3 per 100 vehicles every 5 min. Winds from the SW-S-SE quarter were associated with the greatest increases in BC (376-612 ng/m3). These winds would have entrained BC from Baltimore's densely trafficked central business district, as well as a nearby interstate highway. The strong influence of wind direction implicates atmospheric transport processes in determining BC exposure. Dew point, mixing height, wind speed, season, and workday were also statistically significant predictors. Background exposure to BC was estimated to be 905 ng/m3. The optimal, statistically significant representation of BC's autocorrelation was AR([1:6]) x 288 x 2016, where the short-term AR factor (lags 1-6) indicated that BC concentrations are correlated for up to 30 min, and the AR factors for lags 288 and 2016 indicate longer-term autocorrelations at diurnal and weekly cycles, respectively. It was concluded that local exposure to BC from mobile sources is substantially modified by meteorological and temporal conditions, including atmospheric transport processes. BC concentration also demonstrates statistically significant autocorrelation at several time scales.     

污泥加热预处理对中温厌氧消化的影响

对污泥加热预处理给中温厌氧混合消化和污泥单独消化带来的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明,污泥加热预处理有利于提高混合消化对 COD 的去除率,尤其是 SCOD 的去除率由 77%增长到 93%,但不利于 TS 和 VS 的去除;而对污泥单独消化,预处理则不利于有机物的去除.采用加热预处理后的污泥进样,混合消化和污泥单独消化的甲烷产气量均有所提高.     

Anaerobic degradation behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in sludge

Anaerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) was investigated. Results showed that terminal electron acceptors, organic matters, initial concentration, and temperature had great influence on the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs. Anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs could be enhanced by adding sulfate or nitrate while this process could be inhibited by adding organic matters. The maximum removal rate increased 1.24 microM d(-1) for each ten micromoles increase in initial concentration. The decrease in temperature caused a sharp decrease in the removal efficiency of NPEOs. The temperature coefficient (PHI) for the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs was 0.01 degrees C(-1). Nonylphenol (NP), the typical intermediate of NPEOs, could inhibit the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs only at high concentration. However, these environmental factors had no effect on the anaerobic biodegradation pathway of NPEOs. The accumulation of NP and short-chain NPEOs during NPEO biodegradation led to a significant increase in the estrogenic activity during the biodegradation period.     

膜基活化溶液中活化剂在回收温室气体CO2过程中的作用

将AMP和PZ作为活化剂添加于MDEA溶液中,形成活化溶液,研究了膜基活化溶液回收温室气体CO2性能,着重考察活化剂的活化作用和对膜接触器传质加强的影响,提出一个活化机理来解释活化现象,建立了阻力层方程模型, 并模拟膜基活化溶液回收CO2的传质过程。结果表明,活化剂对膜接触器传质的加强起到重要作用,具有双氨基环状结构的PZ对传质的加强作用高于具有空间位阻结构的AMP;活化溶液的CO2回收率和传质通量明显高于未活化的MDEA溶液,活化性能PZ＞AMP;活化剂的活化效应与分子结构有关;流体力学的改变对传质的影响有限,活化剂的反应动力学对传质的加强起主导作用;阻力层方程模型能较好地模拟膜基活化溶液回收CO2传质过程,传质通量和总传质系数的模型值与实验值符合较好。