多孔硅酸钙滤料吸附床除磷试验研究

以多孔硅酸钙滤料为吸附载体处理含磷的二沉池出水.通过静态吸附试验和动态吸附试验,研究了滤料粒径及投加量、初始pH、反应时间、温度以及滤料填充高度对除磷效果的影响.在静态吸附试验中,取初始磷质量浓度为4.98 mg/L的含磷废水100 mL,当多孔硅酸钙滤料粒径为4～14目,投加量为1.0g,吸附时间为2.5h,温度为25℃,溶液初始pH为7.0～9.0时,磷的去除率可达95％以上,出水磷满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准(≤0.5 mg/L).动态吸附试验表明,在长期运行条件下,多孔硅酸钙滤料吸附床能持续有效地去除污水中的磷,综合考虑吸附率和运行费用,选择水力停留时间为30 min,滤料填充高度为60 cm为宜.     

直流电场强化活性污泥法处理木质素废水的效能、污泥特性及群落结构研究

以溶解态木质素模拟废水为研究对象,考察了不同直流电场条件下活性污泥反应器(R1,无电流,悬浮污泥)、电极生物膜反应器(R2,电流I=10~60 mA,无悬浮污泥)与电极生物膜-活性污泥反应器(R3,I=10~60 mA,悬浮污泥)中木质素废水的处理效能、污泥生理特性(活菌比、木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)等)、细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成及微生物群落结构的差异.结果表明:相同的外加电流下,R3的木质素去除率均高于R2(p0.05),其中,30 mA时达到最大值30.19%±0.47%,分别为R1、R2木质素去除率的2.01倍和1.46倍.反应器R2在20~40 mA时的总氮去除效果最好,达到71.96%±5.79%.分析R1、R3悬浮污泥发现,外加电流升高不改变悬浮污泥的活菌比(p0.05),木质素去除率受LiP酶活影响不大;与低电流(10~30 mA)相比,高电流(40~60 mA)下悬浮污泥中C15∶0 ANTEISO的含量降低,长链磷脂脂肪酸(C19、C20)的相对含量增加;R3悬浮污泥中Flavobacterium、Pseudomonas和Janthinobacterium等可降解木质素的菌属在10 mA外加电流的刺激下相对丰度均最高.在电极微生物方面,与R3相比,R2阴极微生物中具有反硝化能力的Methyloversatilis成为优势菌属,阳极微生物中存在更多具有电子传递能力的菌属(Pseudomonas、Ralstonia).冗余分析(RDA)表明,悬浮污泥中Mycobacterium(降解木质素的好氧细菌)丰度与电流(I)显著正相关(p0.05),与不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)显著负相关(p0.05).     

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone(O3) in the field is unknown,although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea(EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28 ppm·hr AOT40(accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of40 ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant( 10% change) to highly sensitive( 45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.     

生物炭输入土壤对其石油烃微生物降解力的影响

以木屑和麦秆为原料,在300℃和500℃下热解制备生物炭,分析了生物炭输入对大港油田污染土壤中总石油烃及其组分(正链烷烃n C8~C40和16种PAHs)微生物降解效果的影响.结果表明,生物炭输入强化了土壤中总石油烃及其组分的生物降解.生物炭原料的选取对烷烃降解影响显著,对PAHs影响较小;高温制备生物炭对污染物降解的强化效果较好,这归因于生物炭表面性质和降解微生物种类的不同.土壤中加入生物炭后,低环PAHs的降解效率显著高于高环PAHs.添加典型的土壤易分解有机质(葡萄糖)产生正激发作用,导致生物炭矿化,促进了烷烃降解,抑制了PAHs的去除.可见,生物炭输入可有效促进石油烃的微生物降解,对修复石油污染土壤起正效应.     

State-wide increase in prenatal diagnosis of klinefelter syndrome on amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: Impact of non-invasive prenatal testing for sex chromosome conditions

Background

To analyze population-based trends in the prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) since the availability of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT).

Methods

Retrospective state-wide data for all prenatal diagnoses performed <25 weeks gestation from 2005 to 2020 in Victoria, Australia. Non-invasive prenatal testing became locally available from 2012. The prenatal diagnosis rates of SCA as proportions of all prenatal diagnostic tests and all births were calculated. Statistical significance was assessed with the χ² test for trend, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results

46,518 amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling were performed during the study period, detecting 617 SCAs. There was a significant increase in the rate of prenatal SCAs from 5.8 per 10,000 births in 2005 to 8.7 per 10,000 births in 2020 (p < 0.0001). This increase was predominantly due to 47,XXY cases, 91% of which were ascertained via positive NIPT for this condition in 2020. The prenatal diagnosis rate of 47,XXY significantly increased from 0.8 per 10,000 births in 2005 to 4.3 per 10,000 births in 2020 (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Screening for SCAs using NIPT has directly led to an increase in their prenatal diagnosis on a population-wide basis, especially 47,XXY. This has implications for clinician education, genetic counselling, and pediatric services.     

Climate Services and Communication for Development: The Role of Early Career Researchers in Advancing the Debate

Climate services entail providing timely and tailored climate information to end-users in order to facilitate and improve decision-making processes. Climate services are instrumental in socio-economic development and benefit substantially from interdisciplinary collaborations, particularly when including Early Career Researchers (ECRs). This commentary critically discusses deliberations from an interdisciplinary workshop involving ECRs from the United Kingdom and South Africa in 2017, to discuss issues in climate adaptation and climate services development in water resources, food security and agriculture. Outcomes from the discussions revolved around key issues somewhat marginalized within the broader climate service discourse. This commentary discusses what constitutes “effective” communication, framings (user framings, mental models, narratives, co-production) and ethical dimensions in developing climate services that can best serve end-users. It also reflects on how ECRs can help tackle these important thematic areas and advance the discourse on climate services.     

Labor productivity of small-scale agriculture and its influence on agricultural landscape conservation in mountainous areas in China: a case study of rice farming in Hani terraced region

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Small-scale agriculture (SA) is regarded as unsustainability because of its low benefit. To protect traditional agricultural landscapes like terraces...     

城市内河生物修复及其对底泥氮素转化影响的实验研究

对在城市内河底泥有机质与有机氮含量高的特殊环境下进行水体修复的可行性与修复方法进行了探讨.富含高有机氮的城市内河底泥是氮素的重要释放源,采用向水体曝气可以有效地促使总氮与NH3-N的降解,与未曝气相比,10 d后曝气条件下二者的去除率分别达到81%和92%;此时再以土著水生植物进行修复可以显著地提高水体修复的效果、稳定性与修复成功率,并使总氮、NH3-N维持在1 ms/L和0.5 ms/L以下.但应避免城市内河有效光辐射的减少对水体修复影响.