利用SPAMS研究西安市重污染天气细颗粒物污染特征及来源

为了对西安市冬季重污染过程中的细颗粒物进行动态源解析,于2016年12月5-22日,利用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）在西安市城市运动公园开展连续观测.将观测期分为4个阶段,结合气象条件对不同阶段细颗粒物的污染特征进行分析比较.依据质谱特征,将所采集到的颗粒分为EC（元素碳）、OC（有机碳）、ECOC（混合碳）、HM（重金属）、LEV（左旋葡聚糖）、SiO₃（矿尘）、K（钾）、Na（钠）、HOC（有机大分子）及Other（其他）类.结果表明:观测期间所采集到的OC类颗粒物数量最多,在重污染阶段OC、K和EC类颗粒物占颗粒总数的70%以上,是重污染天气的主要组成颗粒.在雾霾消散期,OC、LEV和SiO₃类颗粒是主要类型颗粒物.根据颗粒物的化学类型及离子特征,利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解）模型法得到6种污染源贡献率分别为27.7%（燃煤源）、22.3%（二次污染源）、20.4%（交通源）、10.4%（生物质燃烧源）、9.7%（工艺过程源）、6.5%（扬尘源）及3.0%（其他未知源）.研究显示:在重污染阶段,燃煤源与交通源占比大幅上升,与二次污染源共同造成了此次重污染天气;在雾霾消散期,扬尘源及生物质燃烧源成为大气细颗粒物的主要污染源.      

Toxicity evaluation in a paper recycling mill effluent by coupling bioindicator of aging with the toxicity identification evaluation method in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) can be used to determine the specific toxicant(s) in industrial effluents.In the current study,the authors have attempted to combine the advantages of the model organism,Caenorhabditis elegans,with the virtues of the TIE technique,to evaluate and identify the toxicity on aging from a paper recycling mill effluent.The results indicate that only the toxicities from mixed cellulose (MC) filtration and EDTA treatment are similar to the baseline aging toxicity,suggesting ...     

基于系统聚类方法划分中国PM2.5防治区域

中国各城市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))环境空气质量差异较大,呈现明显的区域污染特征。合理划分PM_(2.5)污染防治区域、开展区域性大气环境管理,是改善区域空气质量的重要途径。根据2015年全国108个重点城市大气PM_(2.5)的日均浓度数据,使用系统聚类方法对各城市的PM_(2.5)全年污染变化特征进行分析,从而划分出不同防治区域。依据聚类分析的3项原则,综合比较4种不同聚类方法及结果,最后提出可以划分出8个PM_(2.5)污染防治区域:a赣鄂湘接壤地区(长株潭及周边城市),b成渝及周边地区,c粤桂地区,d闽浙沿海城市群,e东三省地区,f长三角地区,g山东及周边地区,h京津冀、山西中北部、陕西关中城市群。     

Characterization of extractable and non-extractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China

Formation of bound residues of pollutants in soils and sediments is an important process to control the fate of pollutants in the environment. The most of bound residue is not solvent extractable. In this paper, we measured both extractable and non-extractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different organic matter fractions of samples from the Pearl River Delta, China. Non-extractable PAHs concentration was 234.45-1424.57 μg/kg and accounted for 33.78-57.44% of total PAHs. 2-3 Ring PAHs were the dominant species and differed in concentration substantially between the samples. The atomic ratio of PAHs over organic-C in the fractions ordered as solvent soluble organic matter > humin > humic acids, matching the content of aliphatic moieties in the fractions of organic matter. The ratio of extractable and non-extractable PAHs may relate to the aging process of PAHs in soil and sediment.     

Silver-modified clinoptilolite for the removal of Escherichia coli and heavy metals from aqueous solutions

This paper investigates the potential of using the silver antibacterial properties combined with the metal ion exchange characteristics of silver-modified clinoptilolite to produce a treatment system capable of removing both contaminants from aqueous streams. The results have shown that silver-modified clinoptilolite is capable of completely eliminating Escherichia coli after 30-min contact time demonstrating its effectiveness as a disinfectant. Systems containing both E. coli and metals exhibited 100 % E. coli reduction after 15-min contact time and maximum metal adsorption removal efficiencies of 97, 98, and 99 % for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Zn²⁺ respectively after 60 min; 0.182–0.266 mg/g of metal ions were adsorbed by the zeolites in the single- and mixed-metal-containing solutions. Nonmodified clinoptilolite showed no antibacterial properties. This study demonstrated that silver-modified clinoptilolite exhibited high disinfection and heavy metal removal efficiencies and consequently could provide an effective combined treatment system for the removal of E. coli and metals from contaminated water streams.     

长链烷烃降解菌C6的鉴定及性能研究

从含油活性污泥中筛选出一株长链烷烃降解菌C6,进行了菌种鉴定,考察了该菌对正十六烷及柴油和石蜡的混合物的降解能力,并对由菌株C6产生的生物表面活性剂进行了鉴定。实验结果表明:该菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacterbaumannii);对液体培养基中质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的正十六烷降解48 h后,降解率接近100%,降解动力学曲线的拟合结果符合Monod模型;对液体培养基中质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的柴油和石蜡的混合物降解96 h后,降解率达93%;菌株C6产生的生物表面活性剂经FTIR分析鉴定为磷脂类表面活性剂,排油圈直径为60 mm,临界胶束质量浓度约为25 mg/L,可将水的表面张力降至27.09 mN/m。     

三维荧光区域积分评估城市污水中溶解性有机物去除

以三维荧光技术为手段,结合荧光区域积分和聚类分析,考察某城市污水厂污水处理过程中溶解性有机物的去除状况。研究结果表明,采用三维荧光区域积分可以表征城市污水中易降解、可降解和难降解有机物相对含量的变化趋势,能够有效识别污水中溶解性有机物的指纹特征。城市污水中类蛋白等易降解物质含量约占总荧光物质的50%,在污水厂曝气池缺氧段,易降解基质被大量去除。曝气池顺水流方向约225 m处,溶解性有机物的去除已基本完成。三维荧光光谱中区域II和III的积分标准体积与TOC的皮尔森相关指数分别为0.964和0.970。和其他荧光指数相比,这2个区域的积分标准体积与TOC的相关度更高。     

Efficient photoreduction of carbon dioxide into carbon-based fuels: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The photocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide into fuels is viewed as a promising solution to lessen global warming and to enter a circular economy, yet this...     

Variations of surface O3 in August at a rural site near Shanghai: influences from the West Pacific subtropical high and anthropogenic emissions

Large day-to-day variability in O₃ and CO was observed at Chongming, a remote rural site east of Shanghai, in August 2010. High ozone periods (HOPs) that typically lasted for 3?C5?days with daily maximum ozone exceeding 102?ppb were intermittent with low ozone periods (LOPs) with daily maximum ozone less than 20?ppb. The correlation analysis of ozone with meteorological factors suggests that the large variations of surface ozone are driven by meteorological conditions correlated with the changes in the location and intensity of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) associated with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). When the center of WPSH with weaker intensity is to the southeast of Chongming site, the mixing ratios and variability of surface ozone are higher. When the center of WPSH with stronger intensity is to the northeast of Chongming site, the mixing ratios and variability of surface ozone are lower. Sensitivity simulations using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model indicate that meteorological condition associated with WPSH is the primary factor controlling surface ozone at Chongming in August, while local anthropogenic emissions make significant contributions to surface ozone concentrations only during HOP.     

Seasonal and spatial changes of free and bound organic acids in total suspended particles in Guangzhou,China

The concentrations and compositions of free and bound organic acids in total suspended particles from typical urban, suburban and forest park sites of Guangzhou were determined in this study. The free form of organic acids (solvent extractable) in aerosols in Guangzhou varied with site and season. The suburban samples contained the highest contents of alkanoic, alkenoic and dicarboxylic acids. These findings were consistent with a higher supply of hydrocarbons and NOx in the suburban area. However, concentrations of aromatic acids were similar in the urban, suburban and forest park sites. Generally, winter season samples of the acids from anthropogenic sources contained more organic acids than summer season samples due to stronger removal by wet deposition in the summer. For the acids from botanic sources, the summer season samples were higher. In addition to the free acids, bound acids (solvent non-extractable) mainly formed by esterification of free acids were also found in the samples. In general, bound acids were higher than free acids. Esterification is mainly controlled by the pKa of organic acids and the atmospheric pH value. This explains why aromatic and dicarboxylic acids occur mainly as bound forms and why the samples from urban sites contained high levels of bound acids as the pH of rain water can reach 4.53.Concentrations of alkanoic and alkenoic acids in the aerosols of Guangzhou were much higher than those in the other areas studied.