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91.
92.
Lundberg K 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):123-133
This study analysed the environmental follow-up of a public organisation from a systems thinking approach, including follow-up
within different phases of operation and with different environmental management tools. The Swedish Rail Administration (SRA),
a public authority responsible for Swedish rail infrastructure, was used as a case organisation. The main aim was to identify
different follow-up activities during planning, construction and operation of rail infrastructure. Additional aims were to
identify limiting factors for effective environmental follow-up and to provide suggestions on how SRA follow-up can better
be used as an organisational learning tool. The follow-up proved to be highly influenced by Environmental Management System
and was mainly used for showing compliance with legal regulations or contract requirements. Use of environmental monitoring
data was limited to the specific project in which the follow-up was carried out, possibly because of the project-based structure
of the organisation following rail deregulation. Theory on organisational learning was applied in the study to discuss how
to improve the distribution and use of follow-up data. A more complete ‘organisational memory’ seems to be required for learning
from experience and adapting to change. 相似文献
93.
Passive samplers have become more popular in their application in the measurement of airborne chemicals. For volatile organic compounds, the rate of a chemical's diffusivity is a determining factor in the quantity of the chemical being collected for a given passive sampler. While uptake rate of a chemical in the passive sampler can be determined either by collocation deployment of both active and passive samplers or use of controlled facilities such as environmental chambers, a new approach without a need for accurate active flow rate in the collocation experiment was demonstrated in this study. This approach uses chemicals of known uptake rates as references to calculate the actual flow rate of the active sampling in the collocation experiment. The active sampling rate in turn can be used in the determination of the uptake rates of all other chemicals present in the passive samplers. The advantage of such approach is the elimination of the errors in actual active sampling rate associated with low flow employed in the collocation experiment. Using this approach, passive uptake rates of more than 80 volatile organic compounds commonly present in indoor air were determined. These experimentally determined uptake rates correlate well with air diffusivity of the chemicals, indicating the regression equation describing such correlation might be useful in predicting the uptake rates of other volatile organic chemicals in indoor air based on their air diffusivity. 相似文献
94.
95.
Setting population targets for mammals using body mass as a predictor of population persistence 下载免费PDF全文
Jelle P. Hilbers Aafke M. Schipper Cecilia Pinto Carlo Rondinini Mark A.J. Huijbregts 《Conservation biology》2017,31(2):385-393
Conservation planning and biodiversity assessments need quantitative targets to optimize planning options and assess the adequacy of current species protection. However, targets aiming at persistence require population‐specific data, which limit their use in favor of fixed and nonspecific targets, likely leading to unequal distribution of conservation efforts among species. We devised a method to derive equitable population targets; that is, quantitative targets of population size that ensure equal probabilities of persistence across a set of species and that can be easily inferred from species‐specific traits. In our method, we used models of population dynamics across a range of life‐history traits related to species’ body mass to estimate minimum viable population targets. We applied our method to a range of body masses of mammals, from 2 g to 3825 kg. The minimum viable population targets decreased asymptotically with increasing body mass and were on the same order of magnitude as minimum viable population estimates from species‐ and context‐specific studies. Our approach provides a compromise between pragmatic, nonspecific population targets and detailed context‐specific estimates of population viability for which only limited data are available. It enables a first estimation of species‐specific population targets based on a readily available trait and thus allows setting equitable targets for population persistence in large‐scale and multispecies conservation assessments and planning. 相似文献
96.
Ian Henshaw Thord Fransson Sven Jakobsson Cecilia Kullberg 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1317-1323
Night-migrating song birds travel to and from their wintering and breeding areas often separated thousands of kilometers apart
and are clearly capable of finding intended goal areas from a distant location. Displacement experiments provide a useful
way to highlight orientation and navigational skills in migrants. To investigate which cues birds actually use to compensate
for displacement and the exact mechanism of each cue, experiments with manipulation of single cues are required. We conducted
a simulated displacement of lesser whitethroats Sylvia curruca on spring migration. Birds were displaced not geographically but in geomagnetic space only, north and south of their breeding
area to test whether they incorporate information from the geomagnetic field to find their breeding area. Lesser whitethroats
held in southeast Sweden but experiencing a simulated displacement north of their breeding area (Norway) failed to show a
consistent direction of orientation, whereas birds displaced south of their breeding area (Czech Republic) exhibited consistent
northerly orientation, close to the expected seasonally appropriate direction, after displacement toward the trapping location.
The absence of a clear compensatory direction in birds displaced north might be due to unfamiliar magnetic information or
lack of sufficient information such as a magnetic gradient when moving around. By isolating one orientation cue, the geomagnetic
field, we have been able to show that lesser whitethroats might incorporate geomagnetic field information to determine latitude
during spring migration. 相似文献
97.
This paper presents a study of recycling stations in the municipality of Borl?nge, Sweden. The main objectives were to measure volume weights of recyclables, to facilitate future planning of collection intervals and bin/container volume, and to investigate the general attitudes among the public towards waste management in general and recycling stations in particular. Volume weights measured in bins/containers were: paper/newsprint: 297 kg/m3, glass packaging: 297 kg/m3, metal packaging: 81.7 kg/m3, paper packaging: 27.8 kg/m3, plastic packaging: 28.1 kg/m3. The recycling stations have been in use since 1994. Most visitors (90%) arrived by car but said the visit to the recycling station was not the main purpose of the trip. The results from the interviews indicated that the people who use the recycling stations have found ways to incorporate waste sorting into their everyday lives, with the help of information, design of the collection system and environmental concerns. 相似文献
98.
Differences in Long-term Medical Consequences Depending on Impact Direction Involving Passenger Cars
Helena Stigson Markus Gustafsson Cecilia Sunnevång Maria Krafft Anders Kullgren 《Traffic injury prevention》2015,16(4):S133-S139
Objective: There is limited knowledge of the long-term medical consequences for occupants injured in car crashes in various impact directions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate whether injuries leading to permanent medical impairment differ depending on impact direction.Methods: In total, 36,743 injured occupants in car crashes that occurred between 1995 and 2011 were included. All initial injuries (n = 61,440) were classified according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005. Injured car occupants were followed for at least 3 years to assess permanent medical impairment. The data were divided into different groups according to impact direction and levels of permanent impairment. The risk of permanent medical impairment was established for different body regions and injury severity levels, according to AIS.Results: It was found that almost 12% of all car occupants sustained a permanent medical impairment. Given an injury, car occupants involved in rollover crashes had the highest overall risk to sustain a permanent medical impairment. Half of the head injuries leading to long-term consequences occurred in frontal impacts. Far-side occupants had almost the same risk as near-side occupants. Occupants who sustained a permanent medical impairment from cervical spine injuries had similar risk in all impact directions (13%) except from rollover (17%). However, these injuries occurred more often in rear crashes. Most of the injuries leading to long-term consequences were classified as minor injuries by AIS for all impact directions.Conclusions: Studying crash data from a perspective of medical impairment is important to identify injuries that might not be prioritized only considering the AIS but might lead to lower quality of life for the occupant and also costs for society. These results can be used for road transport system strategies and for making priority decisions in vehicle design. 相似文献
99.
Martin Graeve Marte Lundberg Marco Böer Gerhard Kattner Haakon Hop Stig Falk-Petersen 《Marine Biology》2008,153(4):643-651
Lipids of the Arctic ctenophore Mertensia ovum, collected from Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) in 2001, were analysed to investigate seasonal variability and fate of dietary lipids.
Total lipids, lipid classes and fatty acid and alcohol compositions were determined in animals, which were selected according
to age-group and season. Changes in lipids of age-group 0 animals were followed during growth from spring to autumn. Total
lipids increased from May to September. Lipids as percentage of dry mass were lowest in August indicating their use for reproduction.
Higher values occurred in September, which may be due to lipid storage for overwintering. Wax esters were the major lipid
class accounting for about 50% of total lipids in age-group 0 animals from July and August. Phospholipids were the second
largest lipid fraction with up to 46% in this age-group. The principal fatty acids of M. ovum from all age-groups were 22:6(n-3), 20:5(n-3) and 16:0. Wax ester fatty alcohols were dominated by 22:1(n-11) and 20:1(n-9)
followed by moderate proportions of 16:0. The unique feature of M. ovum lipids was the high amount of free fatty alcohols originating probably from the dietary wax esters. In May, free alcohols
exhibited the highest mean proportion with 14.6% in age-group 0 animals. We present the first data describing a detailed free
fatty alcohol composition in zooplankton. This composition was very different from the alcohol composition of M. ovum wax esters because of the predominance of the long-chain monounsaturated 22:1(n-11) alcohol accounting for almost 100% of
total free alcohols in some samples. The detailed lipid composition clearly reflected feeding of M. ovum on the herbivorous calanoid species, Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus, the abundant members of the zooplankton community in Kongsfjorden. Other copepod species or prey items seem to be less important
for M. ovum. 相似文献
100.
Pokorná Petra Leoni Cecilia Schwarz Jaroslav Ondráček Jakub Ondráčková Lucie Vodička Petr Zíková Naděžda Moravec Pavel Bendl Jan Klán Miroslav Hovorka Jan Zhao Yongjing Cliff Steven S. Ždímal Vladimír Hopke Philip K. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(31):38631-38643
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Moravian-Silesian region of the Czech Republic with its capital city Ostrava is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter... 相似文献