土壤含水层NAPLs污染修复技术的研究进展＊

文章介绍了非水相流体(NAPLs)的性质,综述了地下土壤含水层NAPLs污染治理的六种主要技术,分析了各种技术的原理、特点、治理效果及其研究进展,提出了修复技术存在的问题及今后要做的工作。     

Serum concentrations and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in Taiwan Yu-cheng victims twenty years after the incident

In 1979, about 2000 people in central Taiwan were intoxicated via rice oil consumption that was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This "Yu-cheng" incident was one of the two known major human PCB intoxication episodes. Twenty years after the intoxication, serum samples of 435 Yu-cheng victims, 414 adults and 21 children, were collected. Sixteen PCB congeners were analyzed with a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector. We found the median concentration of total PCBs in the adult serum was 1500 ng/g lipid, still substantially higher than that of the general population in Taiwan (3.7-fold) and most seafood consumers in the world. Most of analyzed PCB congeners in children were below or around the detection limits. Congener #138, however, had the highest concentrations, approximately accounting for 55% and 29% in the child and adult groups, respectively. Given that PCBs are persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disruptors, the concentrations and congener-specific profiles regarding the Yu-cheng victims provide valuable information for the investigation of such chemicals in humans.     

有机复合填料生物滤床对甲苯气体的净化

利用一种新型有机复合填料作为生物滤床中微生物的附着载体,接种经过驯化筛选的专性甲苯降解菌,填装于生物过滤塔中净化低浓度甲苯气体。研究了新型有机复合填料在长期运行时的情况,考察了进气流量、入口浓度、床层温度和填料湿度对生物滤床的影响,最终经过优化得出,此种填料的生物滤床能够为微生物提供良好的附着生长环境,并能保持滤床的高效稳定运行,当进气流量为0.4 m3/h,入口浓度为400 mg/m3,床层温度为30℃,填料湿度为50%时,生化去除量达到30.6 g/(m3·h),并且在此条件下滤床具有良好的耐冲击性能。     

超声/臭氧氧化处理含酚废水实验研究

在实验装置上对超声/臭氧联合处理含酚废水进行了实验研究。考察了废水初始pH值、反应时间、臭氧通入量、超声功率等因素对酚去除率的影响。研究表明,超声辐射在臭氧氧化过程中起加速反应的作用,而且随着超声功率的增大,加速反应的能力增强;废水初始pH值为11时酚去除效果最佳;随着臭氧通入量的增大、反应时间的延长,酚去除率不断增大;超声/臭氧处理酚废水过程中酚的降解规律符合表观一级反应。     

炼油污水深度处理回用工艺中阳离子树脂污染物脱除性能研究

实验考察了深度处理后的炼油污水用于锅炉时的性能状况,分析了污水化学需氧量(COD)、硬度对树脂吸附脱氨性能的影响。研究表明,在对炼油污水进行深度处理时,污水的COD、硬度严重影响树脂对氨、氮的吸附。树脂对硬度的吸附率高于对氨、氮的吸附率,稳态时树脂能使COD降低60%。树脂脱氨不适合于对炼油废水深度处理时作为脱氨的主要工艺,应置于深度处理的后段。氨、氮量及COD均被有效地降低后,再对水的硬度进行处理。     

氨氮降解菌最佳培养条件及降解动力学研究＊

从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选分离得到一株高效氨氮降解菌AD-5,研究了温度、pH值、摇床转速以及接种量对降解菌AD-5的影响。实验结果表明:降解菌AD-5最适生长温度为35℃,最适宜培养基pH为7,最适宜摇床转速为120r/min,100mLLB液体培养基,最适宜的接种量为6.0mL。在最佳培养条件下菌株AD-5具有更高的活性。菌种AD-5对氨氮的降解动力学实验结果表明:氨氮的残留浓度Y与时间X符合方程Y=73.3836e(-0.07722)X。     

焉耆盆地石油勘探开发水污染应急管理系统研究

通过对石油开发应急管理系统分类及内容分析研究,结果焉耆地石油开发特点,提出焉耆盆地石油勘探开发水污染应急管理系统应具备的内容和功能,为焉耆盆地和其它区域石油开发污染控制提供了参考。     

Characteristics of sorption losses of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners onto glass surfaces

Sorption losses to glass surfaces of five polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in aqueous solutions were investigated. Adsorption/desorption experiments were conducted under conditions that simulated actual sample handling procedures for environmental samples. It was found that the adsorption loss is related to the degree of chlorination. PCB congener 180 lost the most onto glass surfaces, followed by congeners 138, 101/28, and 52, in decreasing order. More PCB adsorption occurred onto glass under conditions of agitation and higher temperature (22°C) during the five-day experimental period. The salinity effect (“salting out effect”) was also observed in this work. The efficiency of desorption (rinsing three times with solvent) was found to be ineffective in extracting adsorbed PCBs. It was necessary to use mechanical shaking for extraction. Storage of samples up to five days resulted in sorption losses as much as 30%, 17%, 30%, 40%, and 55% of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, and 180, respectively. Sorption losses need to be considered when conducting water sampling or toxicological studies to avoid underestimation of the actual PCB concentrations and their toxic effects.     

耐盐鲁氏酵母(Zygsoaccharomyces rouxii)CICC1379吸附水中重金属Cu~(2+)研究

为了研究耐盐鲁氏酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)CICC1379细胞冻干粉对重金属Cu2+的吸附作用及机理,对影响该酵母脱除水中Cu2+的主要因素(温度、初始pH和吸附时间等)进行了探讨,并对Cu2+的吸附动力学和吸附模型进行了研究.结果表明,温度(25～40℃)对耐盐鲁氏酵母粉吸附Cu2+的影响不大;初始pH(2～7)对Cu2+脱除率影响较大,最适pH值在4～6之间,而pH=2时的吸附效果较差.经耐盐鲁氏酵母处理后,溶液pH发生了变化,基本维持在4.00～6.99之间,且均趋向于相同质量氯化铜溶于水后的自然pH值(5.2).耐盐鲁氏酵母粉在5min内对Cu2+的吸附量可达到其最大吸附量的89.2%,30min可达到吸附平衡,其吸附动力学适合采用准二级动力学方程描述.与Langmuir方程相比,耐盐鲁氏酵母对Cu2+的吸附过程更适合采用Freundlich方程描述.     

UASB-生物接触氧化处理酒精废水工程设计

采用UASB-两级生物接触氧化-过滤工艺处理酒精废水,运行稳定,处理效率高,节省药剂费用。监测表明,系统出水COD100 mg/L,色度50倍,SS70 mg/L,NH3-N15 mg/L,TP0.5 mg/L,达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准。利用醪糟生产饲料,把沼气回收利用,除去废水处理费用,每年仍给企业带来巨大的经济效益。