Peroxidase-mediated removal of endocrine disrupting compound mixtures from water

Several classes of oxidative enzymes have shown promise for efficient removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are resistant to conventional wastewater treatments. Although the kinetics of reactions between individual EDCs and selected oxidative enzymes are well documented in the literature, there has been little investigation of reactions with EDC mixtures. This makes it impossible to predict how enzyme-mediated treatment systems will perform since wastewater effluents generally contain multiple EDCs. This paper reports pseudo-first order rate constants for a model oxidative enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), during single-substrate (k₁) and mixed-substrate (k_1-MIX) reactions. Measured values are compared with literature values of three Michaelis-Menten parameters: half-saturation constant (K_M), enzyme turnover number (k_CAT), and the ratio k_CAT/K_M. Published reports had suggested that each of these could be correlated with HRP reactivity towards EDCs in mixtures, and empirical results from this study show that K_M can be used to predict the sequence of EDC removal reactions within a particular mixture. We also observed that k_1-MIX values were generally greater than k₁ values and that compounds exhibiting greatest estrogenic toxicities reacted most rapidly in a given mixture. Finally, because K_M may be tedious to measure for every EDC of interest, we have constructed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict these values. This model predicts K_M quite accurately (R² = 89%) based on two molecular characteristics: molecular volume and hydration energy. Its accuracy makes this QSAR a useful tool for predicting which EDCs will be removed most efficiently during enzyme treatment of EDC mixtures.     

Biotoxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles and bio-remediation by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

Adverse effects of manufactured nickel oxide nanoparticles on the microalgae Chlorellavulgaris were determined by algal growth-inhibition test and morphological observation via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that the NiO nanoparticles had severe impacts on the algae, with 72 h EC(50) values of 32.28 mg NiOL(-1). Under the stress of NiO nanoparticles, C. vulgaris cells showed plasmolysis, cytomembrane breakage and thylakoids disorder. NiO nanoparticles aggregated and deposited in algal culture media. The presence of algal cells accelerated aggregation of nanoparticles. Moreover, about 0.14% ionic Ni was released when NiO NPs were added into seawater. The attachment of aggregates to algal cell surface and the presence of released ionic Ni were likely responsible for the toxic effects. Interestingly, some NiO nanoparticles were reduced to zero valence nickel as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The maximum ratios of nickel reduction was achieved at 72 h of exposure, in accordance with the time-course of changes in soluble protein content of treated C. vulgaris, implying that some proteins of algae are involved in the process. Our results indicate that the toxicity and bioavailability of NiO nanoparticles to marine algae are reduced by aggregation and reduction of NiO. Thus, marine algae have the potential for usage in nano-pollution bio-remediation in aquatic system.     

Bioanalytical and instrumental analysis of thyroid hormone disrupting compounds in water sources along the Yangtze River

Thyroid hormone (TH) agonist and antagonist activities of water sources along the Yangtze River in China were surveyed by a green monkey kidney fibroblast (CV-1) cell-based TH reporter gene assay. Instrumental analysis was conducted to identify the responsible thyroid-active compounds. Instrumentally derived l-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T₃) equivalents (T₃-EQs) and thyroid receptor (TR) antagonist activity equivalents referring to dibutyl phthalate (DBP-EQs) were calculated from the concentrations of individual congeners. The reporter gene assay demonstrated that three out of eleven water sources contained TR agonist activity equivalents (TR-EQs), ranging from 286 to 293 ng T₃/L. Anti-thyroid hormone activities were found in all water sources with the TR antagonist activity equivalents referring to DBP (Ant-TR-EQs), ranging from 51.5 to 555.3 μg/L. Comparisons of the equivalents from instrumental and biological assays suggested that high concentrations of DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were responsible for the observed TR antagonist activities at some locations along the Yangtze River.     

河道沉积物中磷的分布、吸附及释放规律研究

为科学评价磷在河道沉积物中的环境行为,在模拟条件下研究了上海市进木港和苏州河沉积物中磷的分布形态、吸附特征及释放规律.结果表明:(1)2种沉积物中碎屑钙磷(De-P)浓度最高,闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)次之,其他形态磷浓度相对较低,而活性磷中以铁磷(Fe-P)为主;(2)2种沉积物对磷的吸附均符合线性方程,在4.0h时基本达...     

生物滤池外加碳源脱氮研究

以葡萄糖、甲醇、乙醇、乙酸4种有机物为碳源,以中试二沉池出水为原水,研究了生物滤池的反硝化效能,并分析了水温和水力负荷对反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,投加4种碳源后生物滤池均能有效脱氮,对NO-3-N的去除率达67.1％～83.7％.乙酸为碳源时,NO-3-N在生物滤池内浓度下降最快;甲醇为碳源时,NO-3-N浓度下降最...     

微絮凝-直接过滤工艺用于东江流域典型印染废水回用的实验研究

以东莞地区某典型印染企业尾水为研究对象,针对东江流域饮用水源河流水质污染现状及纳污河流水质改善目标要求与企业对尾水回用的实际需求,进行了印染废水深度处理回用工艺的适用性研究.通过混凝烧杯实验,选用工业PACl、FeSO4、HPAC 3种药剂,对微絮凝-直接过滤集成工艺用于印染废水尾水深度处理后水质回用的可行性,进行了实...     

大宝山矿区水体和沉积物中重金属的污染评价

分别于丰水期和枯水期对广东省大宝山矿区铁龙拦泥坝至凉桥河段水体中溶解态的重金属进行了调查,应用EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型发现,水体中非致癌物通过饮水途径所导致平均个人年风险排列顺序是Cu〉Pb〉Zn,最大值的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是2.14×10-7 a-1和4.13×10-7 a-1,小于国际防辐射委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受平均个人年风险5.0×10-5a-1。致癌物Cd的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是3.52×10-4 a-1和4.53×10-4 a-1,大于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,同时也大于非致癌物3～4个数量级。另外,通过对枯水期沉积物的重金属总量分析,发现凉桥槽对坑支流受水体pH的影响,导致其沉积物重金属的浓度最高。根据Long和Macdonald利用生物效应数据库法建立的沉积物质量基准,发现除冷水泾外,其他采样点的平均效应中值指数（mERMQ）值都大于1.5,可见沉积物中的重金属会对当地底栖生物产生毒害作用。     

pH、溶解氧、叶绿素a之间相关性研究Ⅱ：非养殖水体

利用国内、外近20年的资料和饮用水水源地潘家口水库现场围隔实验结果,分析非养殖水体中pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a之间的相互关系。结果表明,当水体处于富营养化状态即叶绿素a平均含量高于10μg/L时,pH、DO与叶绿素a呈显著正相关。当叶绿素a平均含量低于10μg/L时,水体交换强或有机重污染的天然水体中DO与叶绿素a...     

双氧水催化氧化中Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的稳定性研究

针对废水湿式双氧水催化氧化,采用浸渍法制备Cu催化剂,研究非均相Cu催化剂在常温常压湿式双氧水催化氧化中的稳定性与失活问题。研究表明,催化剂制备条件及催化氧化反应条件对催化剂中Cu2＋溶出均有影响。研究同时表明,催化剂失活与活性组分流失和活性组分被有机中间产物覆盖有关,高温焙烧可对催化剂再生。     

恶臭假单胞菌降解苯酚的动力学研究

研究了恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida LY1）利用苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源时的生长动力学特性。通过对该菌株在不同温度、pH和初始苯酚浓度下的生长和降解情况的研究,可知该菌株在温度为25℃左右、pH为中性和偏碱性的条件下具有更高的降解活性。细菌的生长动力学过程符合基质抑制型的Haldane方程,可利用该...