系统响应气候变化脆弱性定量评价国内研究综述

定量评价气候变化脆弱性是人类采取适应性措施应对全球气候变化,以减少其不利影响的关键和基础。在对气候变化脆弱性有关概念进行讨论,及对国际、国内系统响应气候变化脆弱性评价研究回顾的基础上,对中国近十几来有关气候变化脆弱性定量评价研究的成果从三个方面进行了较为系统的总结：气候情景的模拟预测、系统变化过程的模拟、脆弱性指标的选取及脆弱性层次的划分。最后,从评价对象、技术手段、指标体系、时间尺度等方面探讨了该领域研究的不足及发展方向。     

浑河沈阳段污水排放口最优规划研究

针对沈阳市经济发展和污染加剧的特点,为合理充分利用浑河水环境容量,节约投资,建立了浑河沈阳段主要排污口最优化模型,并应用分段线性化对该模型进行了线性化,进而确定排污口最优化线性模型,最后通过M atlab软件求解出各排放口的污水允许排放浓度及最低的处理费用。     

敖汉旗生态示范区调查研究对固阳县生态建设的启迪

通过参观学习提高自身认识，拓思路，产生构想，为做好本职工作奠定了基础，增强了信心。     

海洋环境中纳米金属的生物吸收及生物效应

当前随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料,特别是纳米金属,因其独特的物化性质,在各行各业中的使用量呈指数增长,致使其在大气、水域、土壤环境中的安全性问题引起公众关注。尤其是在受到人类活动密切影响的近岸海洋环境中,纳米金属的潜在生态效应成为当前国内外研究的热点之一。本文重点综述了由于海洋环境的理化因子以及纳米金属独特的物化性质导致的纳米金属的环境行为,海洋生物对纳米金属的吸收,以及纳米金属的生物效应和可能的致毒机制,旨在为评估海洋环境中纳米金属的潜在生态危害,完善纳米材料的监管机制及保障纳米科技的可持续发展提供思路。     

六种表面活性剂对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

为评价六种常见农药表面活性剂对水生生物的风险,采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,研究其对斑马鱼胚胎的致死效应和致畸效应.结果表明,NP-10、OP-10、农乳700、农乳602、农乳1602、宁乳33对斑马鱼胚胎的致死中浓度分别为16.44、21.13、55.86、8446、109.90、120.08 mg·L-1,其中NP-10对斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性最大,宁乳33毒性最低;随着染毒剂量的增加,斑马鱼胚胎孵化率逐渐降低,致畸率逐渐提高,六种表面活性剂显示出相似的趋势,处理浓度与胚胎孵化率(致畸率)之间存在剂量-效应关系;NP-10、OP-10、农乳700处理组均诱导斑马鱼胚胎出现躯干侧翻、游囊关闭、躯干弯曲症状;农乳602、农乳1602、宁乳33处理组出现躯干侧翻、游囊关闭症状.     

Enhanced organic phosphorus detection in sediments by foam separation and 31P-NMR

Phosphorus (P) is both a nutrient and a pollutant. For instance, excess P induces water eutrophication followed by death of fishes and other water life. Determination of organic P content in sediments is therefore important to study P cycling and environmental pollution. The most widely used method to determine organic P in sediments is NaOH–EDTA extraction followed by ³¹P-NMR detection. However, some organic P compounds are difficult to extract using NaOH–EDTA due to the low solubility, thus can not be detected by ³¹P NMR. Here, we used foam separation to determine organic P in sediment of North Canal of Tianjin City, China. Organic P was first enriched using foam separation coupled with NaOH extraction. The enriched organic P was then analyzed with ³¹P NMR. The results showed that, compared with the traditional extraction method, foam separation coupled with NaOH extraction enriched more P compound because ³¹P NMR detected an extra signal of teichoic acid at chemical shift 1.14. This teichoic acid signal was not detected in the extract prepared using only NaOH–EDTA. Our finding demonstrates that determination using foam separation followed by ³¹P NMR is feasible.     

Atrazine contamination in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China and associated health risks

Atrazine is one of the most widely applied and persistent herbicides in the world. In view of limited information on the regional contamination of atrazine in soils in China, this study investigated the spatial distribution and environmental impacts of atrazine in agricultural soils collected from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as an illustrative analysis of rapidly developing regions in the country. The results showed that the concentrations of atrazine in the YRD agricultural soils ranged from <1.0 to 113 ng/g dry weight, with a mean of 5.7 ng/g, and a detection rate of 57.7 % in soils. Pesticide factory might be a major source for the elevated levels of atrazine in Zhejiang Province. The contamination of atrazine was closely associated with land use types. The concentrations and detection rates of atrazine were higher in corn fields and mulberry fields than in rice paddy fields. There was no significant difference in compositions of soil microbial phospholipids fatty acids among the areas with different atrazine levels. Positive relationship (R = 0.417, p < 0.05, n = 30) was observed between atrazine and total microbial biomass. However, other factors, such as soil type and land management practice, might have stronger influences on soil microbial communities. Human health risks via exposure to atrazine in soils were estimated according to the methods recommended by the US EPA. Atrazine by itself in all the soil samples imposed very low carcinogenic risks (<10^?6) and minimal non-cancer risks (hazard index <1) to adults and children.     

Toxicity models of metal mixtures established on the basis of “additivity” and “interactions”

Observed effects of metal mixtures on animals and plants often differ from the estimates, which are commonly calculated by adding up the biological responses of individual metals. This difference from additivity is commonly referred to as being a consequence of specific interactions between metals. The science of how to quantify metal interactions and whether to include them in risk assessment models is in its infancy. This review summarizes the existing predictive tools for evaluating the combined toxicity of metals present in mixtures and indicates the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We intend to provide eco-toxicologists with background information on how to make good use of the tools and how to advance the methods for assessing toxicity of metal mixtures. It is concluded that statistically significant deviations from additivity are not necessarily biologically relevant. Incorporation of interactions between metals in a model does not on forehand mean that the model is more accurate than a model developed based on additivity only. It is recommended to first use a relatively simple method for effect prediction of uninvestigated metal mixtures. To improve the reliability of toxicity modeling for metal mixtures, further efforts should focus on balancing the relationship between the significance of statistics and the biological meaning, and unraveling the toxicity mechanisms of metals and their mixtures.

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Dissipation and residue behavior of mepiquat on wheat and potato field application

A modified LC-MS method for the analysis of mepiquat residue in wheat, potato, and soil was developed and validated. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic column has been successfully used to retain and separate the mepiquat. Mepiquat residue dynamics and final residues in supervised field trials at Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) conditions in wheat, potato, and soil were studied. The limits of quantification for mepiquat in all samples were all 0.007 mg kg^?1, which were lower than their maximum residue limits. At fortification levels of 0.04, 0.2, and 2 mg kg^?1 in all samples, recoveries ranged from 77.5 to 116.4 % with relative standard deviations of 0.4–7.9 % (n?=?5). The dissipation half-lives (T _1/2) of mepiquat in soil (wheat), wheat plants, soil (potato), and potato plants were 4.5–6.3, 3.0–5.6, 2.2–4.6, and 2.4–3.2 days, respectively. The final residues of mepiquat were below 0.153 mg kg^?1 in soil (wheat), 0.052–1.900 mg kg^?1 in wheat, below 0.072 mg kg^?1 in soil (potato), and below 1.173 mg kg^?1 in potato at harvest time. Moreover, pesticide risk assessment for all the detected residues was conducted. A maximum 0.0012 % of acceptable daily intake (150 mg kg^?1) for national estimated daily intake indicated low dietary risk of these products.