Baboon loud calls advertise male quality: acoustic features and their relation to rank,age, and exhaustion

Free-ranging adult male baboons give loud two-syllable wahoo calls during dawn choruses, interactions between groups, when chasing females, and in aggressive interactions with other males. Previous research has shown that the rate and duration of these contest wahoos are correlated with a males competitive ability: high-ranking males call more often, call at faster rates, and call for longer bouts than do low-ranking males. Here we report that acoustic features of wahoos also reveal information about male competitive ability. High-ranking males give wahoos with higher fundamental frequencies (F0) and longer hoo syllables. Within-subject analyses revealed that, as males fall in rank, the hoo syllables tend to shorten within a period of months. As males age and continue to fall in rank, F0 declines, hoo syllables shorten, and formant dispersion decreases. Independent of age and rank, within bouts of calling F0 declines and hoo syllables become shorter. Because wahoos are often given while males are running or leaping through trees, variation in these acoustic features may function as an indicator of a males stamina. The acoustic features of contest wahoos thus potentially allow listeners to assess a males competitive ability.Communicated by C. Nunn     

Nesting characteristics of the olive ridley turtle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepidochelys olivacea</Emphasis>) in Cabo Pulmo,southern Baja California

Baja California represents the northernmost reproductive area for Lepidochelys olivacea. This region is characterized by its high temperature and low humidity. Thus, nest site selection plays an important role in reproductive success. To evaluate the factors affecting site selection for oviposition Las Barracas Beach, located in the south of the peninsula, was visited, from August to November 2000, in weekly periods. A density of 2.55 nests ha^–1 was estimated from a total of 55 nests counted. A hatching success of 73.7% was observed, with 23.7% mortality and 2.5% of eggs without apparent development (eggs counted=4,031). On the day of oviposition, the relative surface humidity (between 0.75% and 1.75%) and temperature (32°C) preferred by the females for nest construction was determined at the nest site, as well as the mean distance between the nests and the high tide line for that day (17.65 m). Hatching success was affected by humidity and distance. In addition, hatching success was higher between 10 and 30 m above the high tide line measured on the day of oviposition (surface humidity ca. 1%). A total of 874 hatchlings were measured, with an average of 42.1 mm straight carapace length. Larger sizes were found in October and smaller ones in November. Generally speaking, the sizes found here were larger than those obtained in other areas. This is probably due to two factors: (1) the nests in Las Barracas were kept in situ, whereas in other areas nests are sometimes incubated artificially and (2) the nesting population of southern Baja California is different from the eastern Pacific population.Communicated by P.W. Sammarco, Chauvin     

Population structure of red drum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sciaenops ocellatus</Emphasis>) as determined by otolith chemistry

To examine current genetic-based paradigms pertaining to the structure and possible philopatry of red drum populations, we used solution-based inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze the otolith chemistry of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) from eight different estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) and the North Atlantic Ocean. One estuary (Tampa Bay, Fla.) was sampled in three different years. Analyses of variance for five elemental ratios (Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca) were all significantly different between estuaries, as was a multi-element signature (MANOVA, Pillais trace F _{50, 1020}=19.41, P<0.0001). We also found that red drum from the Gulf could be distinguished from those taken from the Atlantic Ocean with 99.5% accuracy, likely due to differences in water chemistry between these water masses. A discriminant function developed using these elemental ratios was more than 80% accurate in assigning juvenile red drum to their natal estuary, or in the case of Tampa Bay, to the correct year of spawning. We also used laser ablation ICP-MS to examine the otolith core chemistry of adult red drum collected from spawning aggregations near Tampa Bay. Using a discriminant function analysis with a calibration data set derived from juvenile signatures, we found that 75% of the adult cores matched the juvenile signal established for Tampa Bay 1982. Although preliminary, the results presented here suggest that red drum may return to their natal estuary to spawn, which has been postulated from genetic data.Communicated by P.W. Sammarco, Chauvin     

Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia

Port Phillip Bay (PPB) is a large (1,930 km²), temperate embayment in southern Victoria, Australia. Extensive bay-wide surveys of PPB have occurred since 1840. In 1995/1996 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) undertook an intensive evaluation of the region with the aims of developing a comprehensive species list of native and introduced biota and contrasting previous bay-wide assessments with a current field survey in order to detect new incursions and discern alterations to native communities. Two methods were used to meet these aims: a re-evaluation of regional museum collections and published research in PPB to identify and determine the timing of introductions; and field surveys for benthic (infauna, epifauna and encrusting) organisms between September 1995 to March 1996. One hundred and sixty introduced (99) and cryptogenic (61) species were identified representing over 13% of the recorded species of PPB. As expected, the majority of these are concentrated around the shipping ports of Geelong and Melbourne. Invasions within PPB appear to be increasing, possibly due to an increase in modern shipping traffic and an increase in aquaculture (historically associated with incidental introductions); however the records of extensive biological surveys suggest that this may, in part, be an artefact of sampling effort. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere studies, PPB (and Southern Hemisphere introductions in general) have significantly different suites of successfully invading taxa. PPB is presented as one of the most invaded marine ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere.Communicated by M.S. Johnson, Crawley     

Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea mussels of the genus<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bathymodiolus</Emphasis> (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)

We examined phylogenetic relationships among three Bathymodiolus species in Japanese waters and Bathymodiolus spp. from the Manus Basin by two different approaches. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis allowed us to compare 263–407 (average=318) proteins, giving comprehensive information on genetic distances among the species. The neighbor-joining tree presented two clusters: (1) B. japonicus and B. platifrons and (2) B. septemdierum and B. sp. Members of the first cluster contain methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria and members of the second cluster contain thioautotrophic endosymbionts. DNA sequencing of a fragment (415 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) provided a neighbor-joining tree with the same topology as that derived from protein analysis. Inspection of intraspecific variation in COI in B. japonicus and B. platifrons revealed no genetic differentiation between mussel populations of either species from cold-water seeps versus hydrothermal vents, suggesting high adaptability of these Bathymodiolus species to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. Our results indicated genetic exchanges between mussels from distant localities, suggesting that a limited dispersal capability of the larvae is not the likely factor leading to speciation events in these Bathymodiolus species.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate     

Residues of organochlorinated pesticides in eggs of water birds from Tai Lake in China

The levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of water birds from the colony on Tai Lake in China were studied. The eggs were collected in 2000 and belonged to the following species: 65 samples of black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), 36 samples of little egret (Egretta garzetta), 26 samples of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from 13 clutches and 43 samples of Chinese pond heron (Ardeola bacchus) from 17 clutches. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivates (DDE and DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate were determined in the laboratory by gas chromatography. The data showed that DDE had the highest levels in all the samples, followed by beta-HCH. The mean levels of DDE among the water bird species were in the order as follows: black-crowned night heron (5464.26 ng/g, dry weight) > Chinese pond heron (2791.12 ng/g, dry weight) > little egret (1979.97 ng/g, dry weight) > cattle egret (660.11 ng/g, dry weight). DDT and its metabolites accounted for 90% of the total organochlorines, except that it was only 73% for cattle egret. The differences of the residue among the bird species were statistically significant and could be attributed to their variations in prey and habitat. Although the DDE burdens in Tai Lake were much lower than 8 microg/g (wet weight) which are thought to have significant adverse effects on black-crowned night herons, they would be expected to increase the risk of adverse effects on survival of chicks of herons and egrets, particularly black-crowned night heron, based on the critical value of 1 microg/g (wet weight) DDE. The burdens of HCHs in this study were higher and the cyclodienes were lower than those found elsewhere.     

Managing Individuals' Contributions to Maximize the Allelic Diversity Maintained in Small, Conserved Populations

Abstract:  The maintenance of diversity is, from a genetic perspective, one of the key aims in a conservation program. Because the most widely used measure of genetic diversity is the expected heterozygosity of the population, or gene diversity (GD), most research has been devoted to finding optimal strategies for maximizing this parameter. Little attention has been paid, however, to the development of strategies to manage allelic diversity (AD), the number of alleles maintained in the population. Using computer simulations, we show that the strategies that maximize GD, by managing contributions from parents, keep levels of AD as high as strategies maximizing AD itself, for a wide range of situations including different numbers of molecular markers used and the possibility of evaluating a number of offspring per parent to make decisions. Because maximization of GD also minimizes levels of inbreeding, this should be the strategy of choice in any conservationprogram.     

Actions of 17β-estradiol on carbohydrate metabolism in liver,gills, and brain of gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus during acclimation to different salinities

The influence of gonadal maturation on seawater adaptability at the metabolic level was assessed in the euryhaline teleost Sparus auratus by treatment of immature fish with 17ß-estradiol (E₂) followed by acclimation to different environmental salinities. Fish were injected with coconut oil alone (sham) or containing E₂ (10 µg g^–1 body weight) and maintained in seawater (40). After 5 days, fish from oil- and E₂-implanted groups were sampled. At the same time, fish of both groups were transferred to brackish water (5, hypoosmotic test), seawater (40, transfer test), and hypersaline water (55, hyperosmotic test); 4 days after transfer (9 days post-implant) all groups were sampled. Data obtained from liver suggest that E₂ treatment produced effects comparable to those already reported in literature, including decreased glycogen levels, increased glycolytic potential, and decreased gluconeogenic potential. This, together with the fact that many changes displayed in shams among salinities disappeared in E₂-treated fish allow us to suggest that the response of liver carbohydrate metabolism to osmotic acclimation is exceeded by the response elicited by E₂ treatment. In gills, E₂ treatment produced increased lactate levels, decreased capacity for use of exogenous glucose, and decreased the potential of the pentose phosphate pathway. These findings suggest that the energy demand occurring in gills during osmotic acclimation should be increasingly fuelled by substrates other than exogenous glucose. Finally, data obtained in brain of E₂-treated fish suggest a lower necessity of exogenous glucose, increased lactate levels, and decreased glycolytic potential.Communicated by S.A. Poulet, Roscoff