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941.
Zawawi E. M. A. Yusof Nor Syazwani Ismail Zulhabri 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(1):223-236
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Malaysia is one of the Asian countries which are prone to disaster: flooding is one of the natural disasters that are becoming more common in... 相似文献
942.
Phylogeographic structure of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, explained by sea level changes on the Sunda shelf 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The phylogenetic structure of the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris was established based on sequence data generated for the 5′ end of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene at 11 sites throughout Southeast Asia. Considerable genetic structuring was observed throughout the range of
A. ocellaris. The region has a complex geography, with the Sunda shelf having been exposed during the lower sea levels associated with
periods of glaciation. The direction of subsequent flooding of the Sunda shelf, as a direct consequence of the retreating
glacial sheets, can be predicted based on the major river drainage systems in the region. Much of the phylogeographic structure,
including levels of intra-site genetic variation, can be explained in terms of the “seeding” of sites on the Sunda shelf,
by those on the shelf rim, as sea levels rose. We often found surface ocean currents in the region, which should influence
larval dispersal, to be poorly correlated with phylogeographic structure. Several geographically close sites, which appear
to be connected by surface currents, showed significant genetic stratification. We hypothesise that the phylogeographic structure
of A. ocellaris is more reminiscent of the Pleistocene sea level changes than surface currents. The high contribution of sea level changes
to the phylogeographic structure was also supported by several missing haplotypes in the generated spanning network. Cytb
DNA sequences generated for recently recruited A. ocellaris individuals sampled from Singapore indicate that, on a local scale, there is a directional inflow of recruits, which is dependent
on the monsoon seasons. The nature of dispersal and genetic structure of reef fish species found on the Sunda shelf is clearly
complex, and should take into consideration past phylogeographic events.
Received: 13 November 1999 / Accepted: 12 July 2000 相似文献
943.
A method was developed for measurement of active oxygen production in embryonic stages of the brown seaweed Fucus spiralis, using the label CM-DCFH-DA. Active oxygen species convert the label into the green fluorescent CM-DCF (exc/em 488/530 nm)
that is detected via confocal laserscan microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Loading of the label did not harm the
embryos; loading efficiency was age-independent, and the esterases needed for conversion to CM-DCFH were not inhibited by
the effective UV dose (2 W m−2) applied in the experiments. After correction for daily variation of the laser power, and calibration with DCF standard solutions,
this automated analysis of confocal images rendered active oxygen concentrations in fucoid embryos (μM DCF). An experiment
was designed for the assessment of active oxygen production following irradiance stress in the light-sensitive embryos. Dim-light-acclimated,
1-, 2- and 4-day-old embryos were transferred for 60 min to defined high-light conditions (4π-irradiance 300 μmol photons
m−2 s−1), optionally without UV radiation, including UVA, or including UVA plus UVB. PSII yield measurements (PAM fluorometer) were
carried out in order to assess the degree of photoinhibition under these light conditions. The imposed light stress initially
caused a rapid decrease of the PSII yields (ΦP). With increasing embryo age, minimum ΦP values attained under light stress remained higher. Consequently, electron transport rates (ETR) would increase with embryo
age, i.e., with the development of their photosynthetic apparatus. Active oxygen production increased with ETR, and when UVB
was included, relatively greater amounts of active oxygen were produced. A slow, second-phase decrease of ΦP under light stress that was proportional to active oxygen production indicated that some photooxidative damage was caused,
in particular during UVB exposure. Recovery from light stress was a rapid process in the absence of UVB; in such cases ΦP was almost restored to the initial values within 60 min. The relative state of recovery of ΦP was correlated with both the effective UV dose and active oxygen production rate (DCF). Recovery was slowest in embryos exposed
for 60 min to an experimental UVB dose, which was representative of a situation at low tide, on a sunny day. The results suggest
that active oxygen may cause an in situ inhibition of growth of the earliest life stages of F. spiralis.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000 相似文献
944.
We examined the vertical distributions of scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) veligers in deep (0.6 m diameter, 9.5 m deep) polyethylene mesocosms from December 1991 to January 1992. In the mesocosms
temperature stratification varied from 0 to 1.5 °C. Profiles of vertical distribution revealed several repeated patterns.
Peaks in veliger numbers often appeared at the water surface and just above the thermocline. Higher density patches were seen
below the surface peaks, and revealed the presence of bio-convective cells. Distribution away from these discontinuities was
usually even. Distribution of veligers was affected by thermoclines above 1.0 °C. Responses to thermoclines varied with larval
age and time of day, and 28 to 30 d veligers passed in both directions through a 1.5 °C thermocline. We conclude that larval
behaviour is a major determinant of whether veligers pass through a thermocline. Kinematic viscosity may play a role in perception
of temperature changes. Two potential consequences of such behaviour are (1) remaining in more productive upper water layers,
where feeding opportunities are enhanced, and (2) increased horizontal transport in the region of the thermocline, which may
enhance recruitment.
Received: 15 May 1996 / Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
945.
Anna-Kaija Eisto † Markku Kuitunen Antti Lammi ‡ Veli Saari Jukka Suhonen Susanna Syrjäsuo and Päivi M. Tikka§ 《Conservation biology》2000,14(5):1413-1421
Abstract: Data from several animal species and a few plant species indicate that small populations face an elevated risk of extinction. Plants are still underrepresented in these studies concerning the relation between population size and persistence. We studied the effect of population size on persistence among natural populations of the rare bellflower Campanula cervicaria in Finland. We monitored 52 bellflower populations for 8 years and found that the mean population size decreased from 24 to 14 during this period. Small populations with ≤5 individuals were more prone to losing all fertile plants than were larger ones. Reduction in population size was nevertheless unrelated to the degree of population isolation, measured as the distance to the nearest known population. To test the hypothesis that offspring fitness is lower in small populations, we germinated bellflower seeds from different-sized populations in a laboratory and found that seed germination ability was independent of population size. The seedlings raised from seeds of small populations grew faster than those taken from larger populations. Population size was negatively related to the amount of shade in the habitats. In conclusion, decreasing population sizes of C. cervicaria seemed not to be caused by lowered germination ability or growth rate in small populations; rather, population size reductions appeared to be due to closing of vegetation in the habitats. 相似文献
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950.
During a survey of tropospheric ozone pollution carried out using tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. Bel-W3, ozone- supersensitive, and cv. Bel-B, ozone-resistant, as bioindicators, the effectiveness of the traditional biomonitoring method, based on the use of adult plants, was compared with an innovative miniaturized kit of seedlings. The ratio of foliar and cotyledonar necrosis, respectively, was estimated as ozone injury rate. The miniaturized kit proved to be advantageous, since seedlings need only easy growth procedures and a large number of individuals can be placed in a small space, supplying good data amounts for statistical elaboration. Moreover, correlation studies among cotyledonar and foliar injury index and ozone levels monitored through physico-chemical measurements and results of analysis of variance tests highlighted the high sensitivity of the innovative methodology. 相似文献