红霉素废液生产单细胞蛋白的发酵条件研究

采用单因素及正交方法,以微生物含量为主要检测指标,研究红霉素废液生产单细胞蛋白的工艺条件。探讨了接菌量、发酵培养基中废液含量、发酵时间、发酵pH值、氮源等因素对单细胞蛋白产量的影响。结果表明,红霉素废液发酵生产蛋白的适宜条件为:发酵培养基中废液含量20%,接菌量6%,pH=6,发酵时间72h。     

臭氧及催化臭氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸动力学研究

对臭氧及催化臭氧氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸(DCPP)的效率进行了研究,并利用竞争动力学法算得了DCPP与臭氧及羟基自由基的反应速率常数,参比有机物为硝基苯(NB).结果表明,DCPP与臭氧的反应速率常数K-DCPP为(0.733±0.163)L·mol-1·s-1,与羟基自由基的kOH-DCPP为2.367×109L·mol-1·s-1.在单独臭氧和Mn(Ⅱ)催化臭氧化降解DCPP过程中,基于上述结果计算所得的速率常数与实际所测的表观反应速率常数具有较好的吻合度.以上结果对臭氧化处理含DCPP废水具有很好的理论指导意义.     

铜锈环棱螺对镉污染沉积物慢性胁迫的生物标志物响应

沉积物毒性测试是评价水生态系统中沉积物污染生态风险的重要手段.建立合适的毒性测试生物是进行沉积物毒性测试的基本前提.铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)在我国淡水水体中分布广泛,具有重要的生态价值.本研究将实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺暴露于不同含量的镉加标沉积物中28d,以评价该物种在镉污染沉积物慢性胁迫下生物标志物响应的敏感性.结果表明,除了谷胱甘肽(GSH)相对不敏感外,壳长增长率、肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、以及肝胰脏和肾脏中的金属硫蛋白(MT)均表现出相对较高的敏感性,可用作重金属污染沉积物慢性胁迫的有效生物标志物.尤其是肝胰脏SOD和CAT可以用作指示低水平镉污染沉积物长期污染胁迫下的敏感生物标志物.此外,该物种的实验室培养和毒性测试操作容易进行,可以考虑将铜锈环棱螺作为我国淡水沉积物毒性评价的候选物种.     

Zn,Cu和Ni污染土壤中重金属的化学固定

利用化学固定剂处理被污泥中Zn,Cu和Ni污染的土壤,研究不同化学药剂对重金属离子的固定技术.结果表明,石灰、硫化物和硅酸盐对Zn都有较好的稳定效果,硫化物对Cu的稳定效果较好,硅酸盐和石灰对Ni的稳定效果较好;对于被Zn,Cu和Ni污染的土壤,混合药剂对重金属污染物的固定效果最佳.研究表明通过调解系统的pH和生成稳定化合物形态使土壤中Zn,Cu和Ni得以固定.通过硫化物 石灰化学固定处理,固定前后Zn,Cu和Ni的不稳定形态含量分别减少了69%,56%和59%.     

偶氮类染料刚果红水溶液的辐射降解

利用60Co γ射线、电子束辐照刚果红水溶液,研究其降解行为.考察了刚果红水溶液辐照前后紫外可见光谱的变化、刚果红的降解率及溶液总有机碳(TOC)的去除率.通过不同气氛饱和辐照,对比了各种活性粒子对降解效果的影响.初步研究了初始pH值、H2O2和TiO2的加入对刚果红水溶液降解效果的影响.结果表明,60 γ射线、电子束辐照是一种有效的去除水体中刚果红染料的方法,其降解效果在不同体系中均可以达到100%.高剂量下TOC去除率可以达到85.7%.H2O2和TiO2的加入可以有效提高刚果红的降解效率.     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levelof malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil ofhydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in potexperiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among thetreatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptakewas as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reducedmarkedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP,SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed onthe level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could beused to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.     

Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) during a fifteen-day test

The test was designed to assess the toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae during 15 d with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurring on day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% when the concentration of MTBE was 50-100 mg/L on day 3-5. The low concentrations may lead to an algal bloom owing to overabundance, which represents an aquatic ecological risk. However, the stimulatory effect occurred only during the day 1-5 and disappeared gradually during the day 13-15. The toxicity of MTBE (72-120 h EC50) is 6.65×103-9.58×103 mg/L for C. ellipsoidea and that is 1.14×104-2.00×104 mg/L for A. spiroides. We found that the toxicity and ecological risk of MTBE for the algal community structure were low. The toxicity was influenced by the duration of the test. We suggest that the duration of the test should not be shorter than half a life-cycle.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles bythermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk oforganic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric materialwhose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td-GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) tocharacterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou.n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids,nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units inmacromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption productsand pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainlydetermined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formationprocess maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban andforest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

电气石强化生物接触氧化法处理石化废水

针对石化废水污染成分复杂,可生化性差的特点,研究了电气石对生物接触氧化法处理石化废水效能的影响对处理前后的石化废水进行了GC-MS分析,并对反应器内的载体进行了扫描电镜(SEM)观察在石化废水进水COD和NH₄⁺-N负荷率为0.64～0.72 kg/(m³·d)和0.058～0.072 kg/(m³·d)的条件下,负载电气石系统的启动速度提高,出水COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率分别增加8.7％和6.4％进水中共检出100种有机物污染物,主要包含芳香烃、酸、酯、酚、醇和烷烃类等化合物.负载电气石的1号反应器对石化废水中有机污染物的去除效果优于未负载电气石的2号反应器,在1号和2号反应器的出水中,有机污染物种类分别是14种和28种反应器内负载电气石的载体上有明显的菌胶团形成,细菌的生物量大电气石能够提高生物接触氧化法处理石化废水的效能     

天津永定新河沉积物中多卤联苯的污染水平和生物有效性

通过测定天津市永定新河沉积物和同步采集的溞体内多氯联苯（PCBs）和多溴联苯（PBBs）含量,初步评价此类持久性有机污染物的潜在生态风险.结果显示,经归一化处理后,在永定新河沉积物中主要检出的18种PCBs和14种PBBs总含量分别为492.4~3251.9ng·g-1和429.7~2950.0ng·g-1（以有机碳计）,而在溞体内PCBs和PBBs的总含量分别是301.8~1765.4ng·g-1和309.7~1987.8ng·g-1（以脂肪计）.计算得到的PCBs和PBBs沉积物生物富集系数（BSAF）分别在0.1~1.3和0.1~3.0之间,明显小于根据平衡分配模型的预测值和其他文献报道值.同时, BSAF数值与相应污染物的辛醇/水分配系数的对数(logKow)值之间无相关关系（p>0.08）,且在不同采样点间的变异系数相差较大（20%~90%）.研究结果还表明,与国内外已经发表数据相比,永定新河沉积物中PCBs和PBBs均处在较高污染水平,但是绝大部分目标污染物的BSAF数值偏低,沉积物结合态污染物的生物有效性相对较低,且在不同采样点间存在着较大差异.