黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险时空动态及其风险分区—以陕西省米脂县为例

目前,黄土丘陵沟壑区等生态脆弱区生态风险评估已成为地理学与生态学应对生态系统管理的研究热点之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为研究区,构建“风险概率—敏感性—损失度”（PSI）的三维评价框架,并以子流域为评价单元进行数据整合,分析了米脂县2009-2015年准则层与综合生态风险的时空分异及其重心转移,并基于风险主导因子给出米脂县风险防范分区及降险对策。结果如下：（1）2009-2015年风险概率分别为49.93%、52.92%,有上升趋势;生境敏感性分别为0.61、0.60,下降了1.6%,生境质量趋好;损失度分别为0.42、0.46,损失度增加。（2）生态风险呈现中间高南北低的空间分布;研究期间生态风险值分别为0.14、0.15,风险有所升高;风险重心向西南转移跃入银州川道且风险演化主体方向为西北—东南走向。（3）风险预警区、生态恢复区、预警恢复兼顾区、自然调控区面积占比分别为7.53%、6.57%、23.86%、62.04%。基于风险主导因子的风险防范分区可有效进行风险消解,促进区域生境的可持续。     

农业文化遗产地“三产”融合度评价——以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统为例

工业化和城市化过程中,城乡经济差距日益拉大,农村衰落已成为城市化过程中各国面临的共同问题。2015年中央政府提出了“农村一二三产业融合发展”推动农村经济发展的政策,引起了众多学科研究者从不同角度开展研究,但相关研究多以理论探讨为主。农业文化遗产地作为一个以遗产保护为前提的特殊农村地区,如何推动一二三产业（下称“三产”）融合发展,如何量化“三产”融合度,研究尚待深入。基于对农业文化遗产特点、资源特征以及农业文化遗产保护要求等方面的分析,阐释了农业文化遗产地“三产”融合发展的概念和内涵,并构建了由产业融合度与劳动力融合度组成的农业文化遗产地“三产”融合度评价方法体系及具体核算方法。以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统十大片区所在的8个乡镇为对象进行评价,结果表明,产业融合度分项指数间越均衡则产业融合度越高;各乡镇分项指数和产业融合度的数值皆很小,有巨大的“三产”融合发展空间;新街镇一二三产业的劳动力融合度领先,其中第三产业贡献率最大;农业文化遗产地“三产”的产业融合与劳动力融合有较高的正相关性（r=0.67）,显著水平在10%以下（P=0.069<0.1）。推动“三产”融合发展可以有效促进农民在本地就业,对于保护农业文化遗产有着重要意义。     

硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响

基于X射线荧光光谱法确定的4种ZSM5分子筛硅铝比,分析了不同硅铝比分子筛吸附氨氮性能的差异,结合扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析结果,从分子筛的骨架组成、表面形貌和晶体结构角度,考察了硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响机制;并探讨了分子筛骨架脱硅对其吸附性能的改善作用,为分子筛应用于污水厂尾水深度脱氮提供技术参考.结果表明,不同硅铝比分子筛的表面形貌、晶体结构与吸附氨氮性能具有显著差异：随着分子筛硅铝比增加,其结晶度下降、晶粒形态逐渐模糊、吸附容量降低;当实际硅铝比由35增大至237时,氨氮平衡吸附量由5.65mg/g降至0.41mg/g,由Langmuir吸附等温式确定的饱和吸附量由6.5963mg/g下降至0.4430mg/g.分子筛吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率受离子交换化学吸附作用机理控制,随着硅铝比升高分子筛的离子交换容量下降,其吸附速率降低.分子筛骨架脱硅能够显著改善其氨氮吸附性能,硅铝比为35的分子筛经碱蚀脱硅处理后,其氨氮平衡吸附量提高81.6%,该方法为改善分子筛吸附性能提供了一种有效的技术途径.     

Variations of bacterial community structure in flooded paddy soil contaminated with herbicide quinclorac

The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was applied to determine the relative genetic complexity of microbial communities in flooded paddy soil treated with herbicide quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinoline-carboylic acid). The results obtained showed a significant effect of quinclorac on the development of bacterial populations in soils contaminated with different concentrations of the herbicide at the early time after application. In general, however, the number of populations of the same soil sample treated with the same concentration of the quinclorac differed obviously with increasing incubation time within the early 8 weeks. The scale of differences in banding patterns-showed that the microbial community structures of the quinclorac-treated and non-quinclorac-treated soils were not significantly different after 21 weeks of incubation. Quantification, as demonstrated in this paper, was studied by establishing dose-response relationships. Significant pattern variations were quantified. Prominent DGGE bands were excised, cloned and sequenced to gain insight into the identities of predominant bacterial populations. The majority of DGGE band sequences were related to bacterial genera Clostridium, Sphingobacterium, Xanthomonas and Rhodococcus.     

上、下悬窗开启角度对排烟效果影响的研究

自然排烟窗有多种开启方式,开启方式的不同影响烟气的流动,进而影响排烟效率。通过数值模拟方法,研究了自然排烟窗的开启方式对排烟效果的影响。主要研究了上悬窗和下悬窗在排烟上的表现。通过对上悬窗开口角度的研究,发现了上悬窗主要排烟区域为两侧,且排烟效率跟开启角度正弦值有关,并在此基础上提出了一种提高建筑中上悬窗排烟效率的方法。而下悬窗的模拟结果则表明,开启大于23°时,排烟效果基本不受影响。     

Carbon nanotubes-incorporated MIL-88B-Fe as highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants

CNTs were incorporated into MIL-88B-Fe to get a new Fenton-like catalyst (C@M). Fe(II) was introduced in C@M to get a fast initiation of Fenton-like reaction. Fe(II) content in C@M was related with oxygen-containing functional groups on CNTs. C@M shows efficient catalytic degradation of pollutants over a wide pH range. Iron-based metal organic frameworks have been verified to be efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalysts due to their open pore channels and highly uniform distribution of metallic centers. In these catalysts, however, the iron element is mainly in the form of Fe(III), which results in a process required to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) to initiate Fenton reaction. To address this problem, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with electron-rich oxygen-functional groups on the surface were incorporated into the metal organic frameworks (MIL-88B-Fe) to improve Fe(II) content for an enhanced Fenton-like performance. The prepared CNT@MIL-88B-Fe (C@M) showed much stronger catalytic ability toward H₂O₂ than MIL-88B-Fe. The pseudo-first-order kinetic constant for phenol degradation by C@M (0.32 min^–1) was about 7 times that of MIL-88B-Fe, and even higher than or comparable to the values of reported heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts. Moreover, the Fenton-like system could effectively degrade various kinds of refractory organic pollutants and exhibited excellent catalytic activity over a wide pH range (4–9). XPS analysis confirmed that Fe(II) content of the catalyst gradually increased with CNT loadings. Electron spin resonance analysis showed that the signal intensity (•OH) of C@M was much higher than MIL-88B-Fe, which was consistent with the degradation efficiency of pollutants. Furthermore, the Fe(II) content of the catalyst gradually increased along with the oxygen-functional group content of CNTs. The result demonstrated that oxygen-containing functional groups of CNTs have a significant impact on the enhanced catalytic performance of C@M. This study provides a new insight to enhance Fenton reaction by using nanocarbon materials.     

水稻田的甲烷释放特性及其生物学机理

本文报导采用土柱法和田间原位法研究渍水稻田甲烷释放特性的结果。不同生育期的测定表明,早稻以分蘖盛期时释放量最大,以后逐渐减少,晚稻从分蘖始期起逐渐增加,至分蘖盛期、末期时达到最大,随后在孕穗期急剧减少,至生长后期又有所回升。以原位法测定表明,晚间和上午释放的甲烷量较多,中午几乎无甲烷释放,下午又有少量释放。不同施肥区稻田甲烷释放量明显不同,以施猪粪有机肥区为最高,次为施尿素无机氮区,不施肥区最低。但各施肥区水稻不同生育期的甲烷释放趋势完全一致,以分蘖期释放量最大,稻田释放的甲烷主要是稻植株释放的,可占总释放量的85％以上。行株间土壤释放的量不多。田间水释放极少,就植株而言,甲烷释放部位主要是在与土壤密切结合的未扰动的根基和根系部位,水面下茎秆白色部分和水上绿色部分几乎无释放。根系也主要是靠近根基的上半部分,根尖部位甲烷形成活性明显小得多。且研究表明,产甲烷细菌附存于根表而不进入根内组织。根际土壤中产甲烷细菌、厌氧性纤维素分解细菌和甲烷氧化细菌的数量以及总挥发有机酸含量都明显高于和行间土壤。     

济宁生态市规划与建设途径

生态市是实现城市社会—经济—自然可持续发展的一种模式和过程。以山东省济宁市为例,提出了济宁生态市建设的战略措施。从资源型城市的产业生态转型、水体和矿山的自然生态修复和孔孟文化的人文生态振兴3方面提出了建设目标;建设框架包括自生型生态环境、竞争型循环经济和共生型和谐社会。主导产业和循环经济建设要促进传统农业和矿山开采型产业向静脉产业、阳光产业、物流产业、文化产业和旅游产业的生态转型;从水资源、水环境、水生态、水景观、水安全和水文化建设几方面提出了水资源保护与水环境治理的综合措施;最后提出了济宁市煤矿塌陷区的生态修复对策和生态文化建设策略。