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41.
Hartmut Koehler Tobias Frische Ingo Dobner Peter Behrend Maike Schaefer Heidi Taubner Bernd Jastorff Jürgen Warrelmann Ulrich Walter 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(5):291-300
Results of a field experiment (please refer to Warrelmann et al. 2000a) document TNT-degradation and regeneration after the establishment of a phytoremediation. Various approaches are included in a complex monitoring system, which are conducted in the field (nitroaromatics in soil, seepage water, and plants; soil fauna; soil fungi; decomposition) as well as in the lab (a battery of 6 biotests). The data document a high heterogeneity of the TNT-contamination, a rapid initial decrease and a mediocre displacement of nitroaromatics in plants and seepage water. The initial rapid transformation of TNT to aminodinitrotoluenes ceases significantly after 3 months. Results of the biotest battery allow a sophisticated assessment of soil toxicity; the results from the soil ecological field investigations make the long-term effects of TNT-contamination likely. In a third part of the series of articles, a synopsis and judgement of the project will be delivered. 相似文献
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Bee-pollinated plants are frequently dichogamous: e.g. each flower has a discernable male and female phase, with only the
male phase offering a pollen reward. Pollen-collecting bees should therefore discriminate against female-phase flowers to
maximise their rate of pollen harvest, but this behaviour would reduce plant fitness due to inferior pollination. Here, we
test the hypothesis that flowers use pollen-mimicking floral guides to prevent flower-phase discrimination. Such floral guides
resemble pollen in spectral reflection properties and are widespread among angiosperm flowers. In an array of artificial flowers,
bumblebees learned less well to discriminate between flower variants simulating different flowering phases when both flower
variants carried an additional pollen-yellow guide mark. This effect depended crucially on the pollen-yellow colour of the
guide mark and on its spatial position within the artificial flower. We suggest that floral guides evolved to inhibit flower-phase
learning in bees by exploiting the innate colour preferences of their pollinators. 相似文献
44.
Sandra S. Hodge Maike Hering De Queiroz Ademir Reis 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1997,40(3):335-348
Formulating effective national forest policy in lesser developed countries is complex and needs to take into account the social as well as the biophysical dimensions which impact on forest resources. Deforestation continues to be a serious concern in many of these countries and most national forest policy seeks to curb the devastationof forest resources. Due to different social groups competing for use of the forest resources, however, designing effective policy is challenging. The needs of these different social groups must be considered.Unless this is done, the forest policy itself can be an impetus for deforestation.In the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, deforestation in the Atlantic forest (Mata Atlantica) is occurring at a rapid rate, threatening the richness of biodiversity. There are a number of causes for deforestation in Santa Catarina, one being Brazil's national Atlantic forest policy. Unintentionally, the structure of this conservation-focusedpolicy has declared all of Santa Catarina's native forests off-limits to any type of exploitation, the only state in Brazil where this has occurred, and has actually precipitated deforestation. Challenges for state-level planning include addressing the national forest policy as well as the state-levelimpacts resulting from the policy. The history of the policy, the social groups affected and challenges for planning are discussed, as are proposed solutions. 相似文献