Glutathione Related Enzyme Levels of Freshwater Fish as Bioindicators of Pollution

The livers and kidneys of freshwater fish species, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias lazera, collected from sewage polluted sites (Ismailia and El-Bahr El-Azam) and industrial polluted sites (Shubra and El-Tebin) of Nile River were analyzed for different antioxidant defense enzymes. The liver and kidney glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were higher in O. niloticus captured from all the polluted areas compared to the control. Low GST activities were found in 33.3%, 60% and 53% in the livers and 100%, 80% and 53% in the kidneys of C. lazera captured from El-Bahr El-Azam, Shubra and El-Tebin. GR and GPx activities increased in livers and kidneys of C. lazera collected from all areas except for Shubra, in which, GPx of livers and kidneys were low in 100% of C. lazera. Metals Ni, Co, Cr, Se, Cd and Pb resulting from industrial wastes and metal mining wastes were enhanced at the polluted sites. SDS-PAGE of liver and kidney of O. niloticus and C. lazera indicated the increase in bands number and intensity of protein bands with subunit molecular weights between 30–20 KDa in polluted areas. Several enzymes from glutathione system (activity and protein) constitute a sensitive biochemical indicator of chemical pollution. Relative changes of glutathione-dependent enzymes in both fish species suggest a different susceptibility to toxins.     

拟除虫菊酯对人红细胞膜结构的影响

研究了5种拟菊酯即北京菊酯、杀灭菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯对人红细胞膜上DPH光谱及荧光各向异性(r)的影响,观察了胰蛋白荧光及人红细胞溶血的变化.氯菊酯以干扰膜脂排列影响r值,浓度达到50μmol/L时,r值开始明显降低;其他4种含氰基拟菊酯则以干扰膜脂排列和DPH荧光碰撞猝灭作用共同影响r值.研究结果还表明,拟菊酯同时作用于膜脂区和膜蛋白的疏水部分,降低膜脂的有序排列,这些变化与拟菊酯对红细胞的溶血作用一致.     

Thermal Stability and Degradation of Chitosan Modified by Acetophenone

N-(Methylphenylmethylidenyl) chitosan (MPMC) polymer was synthesized by chemical modification of chitosan. The chemical structure of the modified polymer was characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. Thermogravimetric reveals that the thermal stability of chitosan polymer is greater than MPMC polymer. The activation energies of thermal degradation of chitosan and MPMC polymers determined using Arrhenius relationship. Thermal degradation of MPMC polymer was studied and the products of degradation were identified by GC–MS technique. It seems that the mechanism of degradation of MPMC polymer is characterized by elimination of low-molecular weight radicals. Combination or recombination of H^· or OH⁻ with these radicals and random scission mechanism along the backbone chain are the main source of the degradation products.     

现代黄河三角洲土壤特性对多氯联苯分布的影响规律

对现代黄河三角洲22个表层土壤样品中类二嗯英类多氯联苯（PCBs）进行双毛细管柱GC．ECD结合MS测试,并使用相关数学统计学分析方法一相关性研究方法研究了现代黄河三角洲地区土壤特性对PCBs分布的影响,结果表明：土壤有机质量分数与其类二嗯英类PCBs的总质量浓度呈弱的正相关关系。土壤粒径组成中粘粒质量分数与其类二嗯英类PCBs的总质量浓度呈相关性关系,且达到极显著的水平;粉砂粒的质量分数与类二嗯英类PCBs的总质量浓度无相关关系;砂粒质量分数与类二嗯英类PCBs的质量浓度呈负相关关系,达到显著相关的水平。土壤溶解盐质量分数及pH值与类二嗯英类PCBs的总量没有明显的相关性。可见,土壤中有机质、土壤颗粒组成中粘粒和砂粒质量分数是影响现代黄河三角洲地区土壤中PCBs分布的主要因素。     

游离亚硝酸对好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,在好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器中研究不同浓度游离亚硝酸对系统除磷性能的影响.通过分析闲置期聚磷水解及微生物体内各储能物质的变化及不同反应器的除磷效果,探究其可能存在的影响机理.结果表明,游离亚硝酸浓度为5.13×10-5mg·L-1时对反应器除磷效果及沉降能力抑制不明显,而当游离亚硝酸浓度达到5.13×10-4mg·L-1时,磷的平均去除率降至40.5%,反应器中出现严重的污泥膨胀,污泥沉降指数值最高达310 mL·g-1.典型周期分析表明,游离亚硝酸可影响聚磷菌对碳源的吸收和胞内聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成,进而影响好氧吸磷及闲置期聚磷水解.恢复试验表明,当游离亚硝酸浓度高于2.57×10-4mg·L-1时,撤销影响后系统的除磷能力和沉降性能虽有明显回升,但无法恢复至初始水平.     

多级微氧生物流化床预处理高浓度丙烯酸废水

采用多级微氧生物流化床反应器预处理高浓度丙烯酸废水,考察了进水负荷的影响,并对丙烯酸的降解产物进行了分析.结果表明,反应器在水力停留时间为12 h,水温25℃,进水丙烯酸为3 000～9 000 mg.L-1,丙烯酸容积负荷为6.0～18.0kg.(m3.d)-1的条件下,对丙烯酸去除率在95%以上,COD去除率为15%～30%,出水中丙烯酸浓度<150 mg.L-1.丙烯酸降解的主要中间产物为乙酸和丙酸,平均每1.00 mol的丙烯酸可转化成0.22 mol乙酸和0.36 mol丙酸.多级微氧生物流化床可实现丙烯酸废水的高负荷预处理.     

Evaluation of DNA damage in the root cells of Allium cepa seeds growing in soil of high background radiation areas of Ramsar-Iran

Plants are unique in their ability to serve as in situ monitors for environmental genotoxins. We have used the alkaline comet assay for detecting induced DNA damage in Allium cepa to estimate the impact of high levels of natural radiation in the soils of inhabited zones of Ramsar. The average specific activity of natural radionuclides measured in the soil samples for (226)Ra was 12,766Bqkg(-1) whereas in the control soils was in the range of 34-60Bqkg(-1). A positive strong significant correlation of the DNA damage in nuclei of the root cells of A. cepa seeds germinated in the soil of high background radiation areas with (226)Ra specific activity of the soil samples was observed. The results showed high genotoxicity of radioactively contaminated soils. Also the linear increase in the DNA damage indicates that activation of repair enzymes is not triggered by exposure to radiation in HBRA.     

面向二/三维城市形态指标的PM2.5浓度调控模拟

城市形态可影响空气污染的源分布与扩散过程,但如何通过优化城市形态指标缓解城市空气污染一直缺少实用的定量方法与模型.故以长沙市为例,定量分析了二/三维城市形态指标对主城区PM_2.5浓度分布的影响,提出了一种关键因子指标驱动下的城市空气质量优化调控模型（UFR-AQOM）,开展了指标阈值与空气质量目标双约束下的城市PM_2.5浓度情景模拟实验.结果表明,长沙市主城区PM_2.5浓度高值区呈现"一轴两区四节点"的空间格局,商业服务用地与道路交通用地、高斑块密度与高用地容积率网格PM_2.5浓度相对较高.三类城市形态因子指标中,开发强度对城市PM_2.5浓度空间变化的影响程度最大,景观格局、用地功能次之,多因子共同作用比单因子影响更加显著.顾及因子指标贡献差异与交互作用的UFR-AQOM模型可有效用于城市PM_2.5浓度的优化调控模拟（R²=0.65,RMSE=1.40 μg·m^-3）.面向PM_2.5浓度达标约束要求,长沙市主城区宜加强周长面积分维数与斑块密度等景观格局指标的全面管控,同时应考虑对工业占比与水域占比等城市用地功能指标和用地容积率等城市开发强度指标的分区优化调控.研究成果将为面向空气质量改善的国土空间规划指标调控提供决策支持.     

上海垃圾分类资源化利用的现状、问题与实践路径

“垃圾围城”现象已成为制约经济高质量发展的因素,推进垃圾分类是解决日益增加的环境压力的重要举措。在垃圾分类全过程中,如何分门别类进行资源化利用是下阶段工作的主阵地。上海作为先行先试的城市,在政府、企业、媒体和公民的协同共治下,垃圾分类实效显著,但资源化利用率仍有待进一步提高,出现垃圾分类主体内在驱动力不足、垃圾分类行为约束疲软、湿垃圾处置痛点突出、低价值可回收物资源化利用难点凸显等。针对此,本文以构建闭路循环为核心理念,提出细化分拣门类、提升市场化机制、强化垃圾资源化利用技术研发、夯实制度保障机制、加大宣传引导等对策建议,以期为其他城市提供经验借鉴与路径参考。     

鸡粪与麦秆混合厌氧发酵环境中各因子响应关系研究

为了探究发酵过程中各因子之间的相互响应关系,以鸡粪和麦秆为发酵原料,利用Canoco4.5软件对鸡粪/麦秆不同比例混合发酵条件下不同发酵阶段内各因子进行分析,以阐明各发酵阶段内因子间的相互影响关系.结果表明:当鸡粪/麦秆以5∶5的比例混合时,能获得最佳单位甲烷产量(90.56 m L·g-1,以VS计).在整个发酵过程中甲烷产气速率表现为先升高再降低的趋势,将其根据产气速率的大小划分为3个阶段,分别为第Ⅰ阶段(预备期)、第Ⅱ阶段(高峰期)、第Ⅲ阶段(消退期).不同发酵阶段影响单位甲烷产量的主效因子有一定的差异性,其中,第Ⅱ阶段的主效因子为发酵基质的C/N,第Ⅲ阶段为p H值.各发酵阶段因子间相关性各异,第一阶段因子间相关性最强,此后相关性逐渐降低.因此,针对不同阶段各主效因子分别进行控制,能够有效提高发酵效率.