赤潮藻电致化学发光分子探针检测系统的构建

为建立一种赤潮藻电致化学发光分子探针检测新技术(electrochemiluminescence-molecular probe,ECL-MP),本课题组根据电致化学发光(electrochemiluminescence,ECL)检测微量物质的原理及相关文献,自行构建了一台ECL检测装置,并对其工作性能及最适工作条件进行反复测试.结果表明,该装置能够正常工作,在电压1.0 V,电流1.0 mA,TPrA浓度1.5 mol.L-1及磷酸盐缓冲液pH 7.4的条件下对Ru(bpy)3Cl2.6H2O达到最优检测,检测限为10-11mol.L-1,线性分析范围10-9～10-5mol.L-1,可检测的物质的量范围0.4 pmol～4 nmol,跨越5个数量级.该装置灵敏度高,工作稳定,为建立赤潮藻ECL-MP技术打下了坚实的基础.     

调水调沙对黄河下游营养盐变化规律的影响

根据黄河首次调水调沙期间(2002年7月)和2002年在黄河利津站对营养盐的月际观测结果,系统分析了2002年黄河首次调水调沙期间黄河利津站和全年溶解无机态营养盐的变化,讨论了营养盐与水情要素之间的相互关系,计算了调水调沙期间及全年营养盐入海通量,并和历史资料作了比较.结果表明,调水调沙期间NO_3~-N、NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N浓度的变化范围分别为169.3～273.2、 0.08～0.84、 1.39～5.04 μmol·dm~(-3),平均浓度分别为218.6、 0.16、 2.27 μmol·dm~(-3);PO_4~(3-)-P、 SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度的变化范围为0.36～0.56、 161.4～195.8 μmol·dm～-3,平均浓度分别为0.48、 166.7 μmol·dm~(-3).在调水调沙期间,NO_3~--N浓度与水量无显著相关性,PO_4~(3-)-P浓度与水沙均无显著相关性,而SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度与沙量呈显著正相关.与历史资料相比,调水调沙对黄河下游溶解态无机营养盐浓度在全年的变化规律并无明显影响.但黄河首次调水调沙短短不到一个月的时间,所输送的营养盐通量便占到当年输送通量的一半左右.调水调沙对营养盐输送通量在年内的分配产生重大影响,使得黄河营养盐向河口的输送非常集中.     

近50年辽宁热量资源时空演变特征分析

结合GIS技术、气候倾向率以及突变分析方法对辽宁近50年热量资源相关要素的时空演变特征和突变特征进行分析,研究表明：就区域平均值而言,除≥20℃积温以外,其它各界限温度积温都表现出极显著增多趋势,增幅在64~67℃•d /10a之间。≥0℃和≥5℃初日显著提前,≥10℃和≥15℃终日显著延后,持续日数都显著增多。≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃积温在1993年前后发生突变,≥15℃和≥20℃积温气候突变发生在1998年前后;≥0℃、≥10℃、≥20℃初日,≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃、≥15℃持续日数以及≥20℃终日都发生气候突变。在空间上,近50年≥0℃和≥10℃积温：在辽西大部、中部平原以及大连大部地区极显著增多,且增幅最大,在60℃•d/10a以上;在1970年代减少,从1980年代开始不断增多。≥0℃持续日数在中部平原、辽西南部、东部山区南部和大连南部地区显著增多,其中高值区范围在1980年代减小,低值区范围年代间交替变化。≥10℃持续日数在环渤海部分地区、中部平原和辽北部分地区显著增多,在1970年代大部地区减少,从1980年代开始,大部地区持续增多。     

三峡水库蓄水至135 m后坝前及香溪河水域溶解无机汞分布特征研究

根据2004年8月在长江三峡水库坝前及香溪河水域对溶解无机汞浓度观测结果,分析了三峡水库蓄水至135 m(135～139m)1a后溶解无机汞的变化,初步探讨了影响溶解无机汞变化的因素,估算了蓄水对河流输送汞的影响.结果表明,三峡库区干流河段平均浓度为22.7ng·L-1,范围为未检出至82.6ng·L-1.较高浓度区主要集中在20m以浅的水体;香溪河溶解无机汞浓度与干流基本相当,平均浓度为18.0ng·L-1,浓度范围为未检出至61.4ng·L-1.蓄水后,溶解无机汞浓度显著升高,数量可观的汞将随着泥沙的沉降而滞留库区,值得关注和进一步深入研究.     

The strength of plant-pollinator interactions

Recent studies of plant-animal mutualistic networks have assumed that interaction frequency between mutualists predicts species impacts (population-level effects), and that field estimates of interaction strength (per-interaction effects) are unnecessary. Although existing evidence supports this assumption for the effect of animals on plants, no studies have evaluated it for the reciprocal effect of plants on animals. We evaluate this assumption using data on the reproductive effects of pollinators on plants and the reciprocal reproductive effects of plants on pollinators. The magnitude of species impacts of plants on pollinators, the reciprocal impacts of pollinators on plants, and their asymmetry were well predicted by interaction frequency. However, interaction strength was a key determinant of the sign of species impacts. These results underscore the importance of quantifying interaction strength in studies of mutualistic networks. We also show that the distributions of interaction strengths and species impacts are highly skewed, with few strong and many weak interactions. This skewed distribution matches the pattern observed in food webs, suggesting that the community-wide organization of species interactions is fundamentally similar between mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. Our results have profound ecological implications, given the key role of interaction strength for community stability.     

Effects of sediment on the survival of asexually produced sponge recruits

Sediment deposition is known to affect the structure of marine rocky-bottom communities, but its specific effects on some key organisms, such as sponges, remain poorly investigated. In a 125-day field experiment involving different treatments of exposure to sediment deposition, we investigated survival of asexually produced recruits of the sublittoral demosponge Scopalina lophyropoda, a model organism suitable to understand similar processes in other sponges. A total of 660 explants obtained from 11 non-clonal sponges (explant donors) were distributed on 30 experimental plates. Each donor sponge contributed two clonal explants per plate, one settled under a roof at a silt-protected position and the other at a silt-exposed position. Plates were installed at the rocky walls of the natural community, also at the pillars of a local harbor where the sponge does not occur naturally. A 3-way ANOVA testing for differences in explant longevity as a function of explant donor, exposure to sediment, and habitat detected that longevity was affected by both an undetermined genetic condition of the explant donor and exposure to silt. Silt-protected explants lived longer than silt-exposed explants. A significant “Silt-exposure × Habitat” interaction detected that silt-exposed explants lived shorter within the harbor than in the natural community, suggesting that harbor silt, which was notably finer, is more deleterious. Inspection of daily mortality rates revealed that the detrimental effects of silt were very evident during the first 20 days in treatments and irrespective of habitat. Then, mortality rates progressively decreased, reaching negligible values in all 4 sponge groups by day 65. At this stage, an undetermined mortality factor other than purely sediment deposition reactivated mortality in all 4 sponge groups, but it affected more intensely the sponges in the harbor, irrespective of being protected from or exposed to sediment deposition. All together, the results of our field experiment suggest that sediment loads are a major mortality factor among small sponge individuals in sublittoral rocky communities. Because a significant “donor factor” suggests an unidentified “genetic component” to be involved in the ability to cope with sediment, natural or man-driven processes increasing coastal sediment deposition are susceptible to induce changes not only in the abundance but also the genetic structure of the sponge populations in the long term.     

Sex differences in survival costs of reproduction in a promiscuous primate

In sexually promiscuous mammals, female reproductive effort is mainly expressed through gestation, lactation, and maternal care, whereas male reproductive effort is mainly manifested as mating effort. In this study, we investigated whether reproduction has significant survival costs for a seasonally breeding, sexually promiscuous species, the rhesus macaque, and whether these costs occur at different times of the year for females and males, namely in the birth and the mating season, respectively. The study was conducted with the rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Data on 7,402 births and 922 deaths over a 45-year period were analyzed. Births were concentrated between November and April, while conceptions occurred between May and October. As predicted, female mortality probability peaked in the birth season whereas male mortality probability peaked in the mating season. Furthermore, as the onset of the birth season gradually shifted over the years in relation to climatic changes, there was a concomitant shift in the seasonal peaks of male and female mortality. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence of sex differences in the survival costs of reproduction in nonhuman primates and suggest that reproduction has significant fitness costs even in environments with abundant food and absence of predation.     

基于大营销体系的集约化电费核算管理模式

针对“大营销”电费核算业务“更集约、更扁平、更专业”的管理目标,按照效益效率优先的原则,精心设计营销组织架构,优化整合电费管理流程,以“四统一”(统一审核,统一记帐,统一对帐,统一管控)为手段,构建起层级简约、管理高效、指挥通畅的“大营销”电费核算管理模式。运行结果表明:新的管理模式,降低了电费管理运营成本,有效防范了电费回收风险,提高了电价电费管理的整体绩效和资金的规模化效益。     

人口结构变化影响下的城镇建筑能耗研究

从人口的家庭结构、年龄结构、城乡结构变化的角度对城镇建筑能耗的变化进行了分析.根据测算,2010~2030年,中国20~39岁的人口从4.46亿下降到3.28亿,减少约1.18亿;2030年全国的平均家庭规模从3.10人下降到2.48人,全国家庭数量将突破5.5亿户;按照现有模式发展,2030年城市化率达到64.2%.人口结构变化的影响下,2020年的城镇建筑需求总面积为3.14′1010m2,人均住宅面积为37m2,建筑能耗达到1.72′109tce;2030年的建筑需求总面积为3.84′1010m2,人均住宅面积为42m2,能耗为2.13′109tce. 从需求角度看,未来建筑规模的增长速度将逐步放缓.如果不能及时调整发展战略,未来会出现较大规模的住宅空置和资源浪费.     

退田还湖对洞庭湖鸟类群落结构的影响

通过5年的跟踪调查,发现洞庭湖的民宅堤垸与退田还湖的垸子鸟类群落有着明显的区别,前者的常见鸟类有22种,后者有66种,且群落成分差异明显（Moumtforyd系数：0.371 62）。无论耕作区还是退田还湖区的鸟类群落结构都具有明显的季相变化。每年10月底至翌年的3月为冬季鸟类群落;4~9月为夏季鸟类群落。退田还湖后的鸟类群落变迁具有特定的规律性,共分为3个时期：第一阶段为群落结构混乱期,时间为1年左右;第二阶段为新的群落格局初现期,时间为2~4年;第三阶段为稳定的野生鸟类物群落期,时间在退田还湖后的4~5年。