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51.
Elevated PCDD/F levels in four butter samples and one milk sample had to be confirmed under considerable time pressure. These samples should demonstrate a raising dioxin contamination in different regions of Germany caused by the use of Brazilian citrus pulp as feedstuff. Above all, the increase of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD had to be confirmed. Thus, an "emergency quality control study" was performed including five laboratories from the official food control in Germany. The results had to be reported about two to three weeks after the first announcement of the samples (including time for shipment). The five laboratories applied different extraction and clean-up methods, used different GC-columns and GC/MS-equipment and different standard solutions. The results are in a good agreement. Slightly different results for most individual congeners were of minor importance. A difference was observed only in the 2,3,7,8-TCDF content of one laboratory which was not relevant for the evaluation of the increase of the dioxin contamination in milk and dairy products. The laboratory's individual methods proved to give correct results even under a very tight schedule. 相似文献
52.
Merkl N Schultze-Kraft R Infante C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,138(1):86-91
When studying species for phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils, one of the main traits is the root zone where enhanced petroleum degradation takes place. Root morphological characteristics of three tropical graminoids were studied. Specific root length (SRL), surface area, volume and average root diameter (ARD) of plants grown in crude oil-contaminated and uncontaminated soil were compared. Brachiaria brizantha and Cyperus aggregatus showed coarser roots in polluted soil compared to the control as expressed in an increased ARD. B. brizantha had a significantly larger specific root surface area in contaminated soil. Additionally, a shift of SRL and surface area per diameter class towards higher diameters was found. Oil contamination also caused a significantly smaller SRL and surface area in the finest diameter class of C. aggregatus. The root structure of Eleusine indica was not significantly affected by crude oil. Higher specific root surface area was related to higher degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons found in previous studies. 相似文献
53.
Jaakko Paasivirta Rainer Herzschuh Mirja Lahtiperä Jukka Pellinen Seija Sinkkonen 《Chemosphere》1981,10(8):919-928
Sediment, sediment trap, Mytilus, Macoma and flounder samples from Northern Baltic (Finnish archipelago) have been analyzed for their contents of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Androstane and hexaethylbenzene were used as internal standards. The analysis procedure consisted of alkaline degradation of fat, column fractionation of the two residue groups and final determination by glass capillary gas chromatography with FID for aliphatic hydrocarbon group and with mass spectrometry for non-polar aromatic residue group. The latter group was also determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. The residues due to oil pollution were distinguished from compounds of pure natural origin on the basis of statistical treatment of the determination results. 相似文献
54.
Rainer Haas 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1998,10(4):198-199
Zusammenfassung 2-Chlorvinylarsindichlorid (Lewisit I) und 2,2′-Dichlordivinylarsinchlorid (Lewisit II) reagieren bei Raumtemperatur in einer
Substitutionsreaktion schnell und quantitativ mit Dithiolen. Die Derivate wurden massenspetrometrisch identifiziert. Sie sind
mit GC/ECD detektierbar. Diese Reaktionen k?nnen zur gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Lewisiten in Wasser-und Bodenproben
eingesetzt werden.
相似文献
55.
Rainer Brüggemann Andreas Kaune Laszlo Zelles Anton Hartmann Christian Steinberg 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1995,7(5):265-274
Die ?kotoxikologie mu? sich mit biologischen Systemen und ihren Antworten auf schadstoffinduzierten Stre? auseinandersetzen.
Die hierzu verwendete experimentelle Technik eilt dabei den M?glichkeiten dynamischer, proze?orientierter mathematischer Modellierung
weit voraus.
In dieser methodisch orientierten Arbeit werden Techniken aus der mathematischen Disziplin der Verbandstheorie vorgestellt,
die eine Datenanalyse unter den Aspekten vergleichender Bewertung erlauben. Wichtige Ergebnisse sind dabei
相似文献
– | • Aussagen zur Diversit?t mikrobieller Systeme (soweit durch die hier verwendeten Muster von vier Phospholipidfetts?uren erfa?bar), |
– | • Analysen ordinaler Abh?ngigkeiten sowie |
– | • komprimierte Darstellung komplexer Befunde im Zusammenhang mit der Toxizit?t von Huminstoff-Chemikalien-Systemen. |
56.
Wood samples impregnated with inorganic wood preservatives containing the elements arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, fluorine, and/or zinc were burned in a furnace. Three different kinds of ash were collected: furnace, boiler, and so-called fly ash. Analyses showed that the ash contained large amounts of elements originating from the inorganic wood preservatives. Further interest was focused on the leachability of the above-mentioned elements. For this purpose a laboratory batch leaching test according to the German Standard DIN 38 414 part 4 was chosen. The results indicate that the leachability is in a range where the release of these elements to the environment from deposited ash can be considered as detrimental. 相似文献
57.
An evaluation of the degradation of soils can be performed in several ways. Here, one way will be demonstrated beginning with the definition of the objects which are to be evaluated, continued with the definition of protection aims and the derivation of indicators. Objects together with indicators provide the frame within which a multicriteria assessment, has to be performed. Often no deterministic quality function is available, so that the concept of partially ordered sets is suggested. This concept is demonstrated by an example of an evaluation exercise performed for the environmental protection agency in Baden Württemberg. A result is that the use of arbitrarily defined quality functions may lead to erroneous statements. 相似文献
58.
As it is practically impossible in an industrial society to reduce impacts into ecosystems to a level that would preclude any damages, the need for damage valuation arises. One of the available valuation tools is the economic approach. Subsequent publications present this approach using the example of soils. In the first part, soils as part of ecosystems are considered from an ecological and a conventional economic point of view. In the following so-called ecological-economic perspective, more recent developments in economic valuation research are introduced. It is shown how ecological and economic valuation can complement one another. It is emphasized that economic valuations should be restricted to a critical soil structure which, in economic terms, is determined by the non-substitutable services of the ecological asset. 相似文献
59.
The results of the emissions from combustion processes and/or from fire accidents show the risk to man and his environment and thus the need for strict legislation and critical analysis of unwanted compounds. These substances or their thermolysis products are often due to incomplete combustion or may result from the interaction of various substances. In the following we report the formation of octachlorostyrene (OCS) and of high‐toxic substances such as polybrominated dioxins (PBrDD's), dibenzofurans (PBrDF's) by the combustion. In order to determine a possible source of the non‐manufactured compound OCS, we conducted several model experiments in a combustion chamber at various temperatures from 400 °C to 800 °C. The thermolysis of chlorinated solvents like chloroform or of chlorinated aromatice like pentachlorobenzene produced—among other chlorinated substances—OCS as one of the major products. Analogous combustion experiments with polyester plastics containing decabromodiphenylether as flame retardant and antimony trioxide as Synergist led to PBrDD's and PBrDF's. Here antimony trioxide seems to play an important role because in absence of this oxide, PBrDD's and PBrDF's were not found in our experimental conditions. 相似文献
60.
Sebastian Pfleiderer Michael Englisch Rainer Reiter 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(6):665-675
This study presents the current state of heavy metal contents in both urban and forest soils within the city area of Vienna, Austria. Based on a systematic survey of urban soils and on targeted sampling in forest areas, local and regional anomaly thresholds are derived using statistical methods and considering regional distribution patterns. For urban soils, local anomaly thresholds of elements Cu (60?mg/kg), Hg (0.5?mg/kg), Pb (100?mg/kg) and Zn (200?mg/kg) exceed national guideline values for uncontaminated urban soils and according to Austrian legislation fall into the category “anthropogenic contamination present but no damage to plants, animals or humans detectable”. In forest soils within the city, thresholds are very similar to reference values for similar geological settings outside the city, apart from higher concentrations of elements Cr and Ni (threshold values of 107 and 64?mg/kg, respectively). Grouping urban soils according to land use reveals that Cd contents are 25?% higher, Pb contents 36?% higher, in traffic and industrial areas than in parks and like Cu, Hg and Zn, these elements can be shown to be at least partly caused by anthropogenic contamination. A dependency between heavy metal concentrations in soils and underlying geological units is shown within the flysch zone at the western city margin where the contents of elements Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and V are controlled by geology and reveal distinct differences between geological units. In built-up areas, no clear dependency between heavy metal contents in soils and geology is evident as urban soils represent accumulations by anthropogenic activity rather than in situ weathering products of underlying sediments. 相似文献