The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of agricultural insect pests. The effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (NSKEaq), ethanol (NSKEeth) and hexane (NSKEhex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were investigated. When fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of BPH nymphs is affected. Comparisons were made with the pure neem limonoid, azadirachtin (AZA) to ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. AZA was most potent in all experiments and produced almost 100% nymphal mortality at 0.5 ppm and higher concentrations. When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting. At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, disturbed growth and abnormalities were then likely to occur in the moulting process. Nymphs that were chronically exposed to neem extract showed a reduction in weight (45-60%). The results clearly indicate the simple NSKE (aqueous, ethanolic or both), containing low concentrations of AZA, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival of BPH.     

加速碳酸化技术对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属稳定性影响研究

对南方某城市生活垃圾焚烧厂新鲜焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收及其碳酸化的过程进行了研究,实验从水分添加量、CO₂的分压等因素,考察了飞灰中重金属Pb的稳定化效果,并利用X射线衍射实验(XRD)、扫描电镜实验(SEM)对反应机理进行了分析.结果表明,不添加水分时,焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收效果较差;当水分添加量大于10％时,焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收效果较好.焚烧飞灰对纯CO₂的吸收效果较好,空气中的CO₂含量较低,在反应1 d后吸收效果不是十分明显.XRD实验结果表明,CO₂的吸收会使焚烧飞灰中大量的Ca(OH)₂与CO₂反应转化为CaCO₃,从而降低焚烧飞灰的碱性;部分重金属的氧化物会被碳酸化成生相应的碳酸盐.SEM实验结果表明,经过碳酸化处理后的飞灰颗粒表面生成了片状和圆柱状的晶体物质.     

北京市场大米和小麦面粉中砷的含量及其形态分析

以湖南省某污染区大米为对照,分析了北京市场大米、小麦面粉中总砷的含量水平和部分米中砷的形态.北京市场大米总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.218μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.097μg·g-1.湖南省某污染区大米总砷的含量范围为0.157-2.885μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.415μg·g-1,4例湖南省某污染区大米以无机砷为主,平均含量为0.341μg·g-1.北京市场面粉总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.057μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.006μg·g-1.有17例面粉样品未检出砷,占总样品的45%.与《食品中砷限量指标》(GB2762-2005)的限量值(大米无机砷0.15μg·g-1,面粉无机砷0.1μg·g-1)相比,北京市场的大米和面粉均未超标.湖南省某污染区4例大米无机砷含量全部超过限量标准,为标准的1.2-4.8倍.以WHO最大日允许无机砷摄入量2.1μg·kg-1 bw·d-1为参照标准,普通成人每日通过北京市场大米和面粉摄入的无机砷相当于WHO最大日允许摄入无机砷量(MTDI)的13%和0.5%,通过湖南省某污染区大米摄入的无机砷则相当于MTDI的57%.     

危险废物集中处置项目竣工环保验收监测中存在的问题及解决对策

简述了我国危险废物（含医疗废物）处置项目的状况,分析了该类项目竣工环保验收监测工作面临的压力,通过实践总结出了存在的问题和难题,主要包括监测期间工况监督内容及方法、焚毁去除率的测定方法、填埋场建设和运行情况的考核手段以及此类项目潜在环境风险的防范手段等,在进行分析的基础上提出了一些解决对策和方法,为监测人员做好验收监测工作提供了很好的借鉴,同时也提出了目前相关标准规范尚未规定但需引起管理部门重视的内容。     

2种统计方法在一次实验室间比对中的应用比较

比较了稳健统计法和误差系数法在水中苯系物实验室间比对结果中的应用,分别采用两种方法对比对结果进行了分析,探讨了两种统计方法的差异和适用范围。结果显示,两种方法对此次比对结果的分析结论基本一致,在实际应用中应跟据实验室间比对的目的和样品特点选择合适的统计方法。     

环境监测实验室水中砷、汞监测能力考核结果评价

报道了全国环境监测系统136个实验室地表水中As、Hg监测能力考核的结果。采用四分位稳健统计法处理各实验室的测定数据,砷和汞结果均满意的实验室为101家。分析了各实验室质量管理体系运行中存在的问题,质控环节的问题是质量体系运行中较为突出的问题。提出了综合数据结果和质量体系运行情况进行结果评价的方法。     

应用稳健马氏距离评价实验室间比对能力考核

基于稳健马氏距离的多元统计算法,综合评价了全国环境监测系统96个实验室4种有机氯农药监测能力考核的结果,从中筛选出25个考核结果存在异常的实验室。将多元统计结果与稳健Z比分数结果进行比较,发现基于稳健马氏距离筛选出的异常实验室其稳健Z比分数结果也存在一定的问题。同时简单介绍了稳健马氏距离及其相关的异常值筛选的算法原理,并详细介绍了其基于R语言的实现过程。     

Tissue concentrations, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of synthetic musks in freshwater fish from Taihu Lake, China

Synthetic musks are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic environments. As hydrophobic chemicals, they can accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Investigations into the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in aquatic ecosystem have, however, been limited, and previous results were inconsistent among species and ecosystem. Studies on this topic have been carried out in European countries, the USA, and Japan, but very few are known of the situation in China. The aim of this study was to investigate contaminant levels of musks in fish from Taihu Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, as well as bioaccumulation and biomagnification of the pollutants in the freshwater food chain. Five polycyclic musks and two nitro musks were determined in 24 fish species and nine surface sediment samples from Taihu Lake. HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran) and AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) were the predominant contaminants in the fish samples, with concentrations ranging from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 52.9 and from <LOD to 7.5 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Other contaminants were at low detection frequencies. The results indicated low concentrations of musks yet widespread occurrence of these contaminants in fish from Taihu Lake. Species-specific and lipid-related bioaccumulation characteristics were suggested, but no significant region-specific differences were observed. Normalized biota-sediment accumulation factors for HHCB and AHTN were noted to increase with trophic levels in fish. Trophic magnification factors were estimated at 1.12 for HHCB and 0.74 for AHTN. A biomagnification for HHCB, and probably biodilution for AHTN, in the freshwater food chain are indicated, when trophic magnification factors were concerned. However, the correlations between logarithmic concentrations of the chemicals and trophic levels were not statistically significant. Further study using long food chains in this lake is still needed.     

用于水处理的高效除磷型粉煤灰陶粒滤料的研制

为制备用于处理含磷废水的新型功能陶粒滤料,研究了以粉煤灰为主要原料的高效除磷型陶粒烧结制备工艺。通过L9（34）正交实验和极差分析,结合筒压强度实验得到最佳烧结条件为：预热时间30 min,烧结温度950℃,烧结时间30 min;各因子对除磷效率的影响程度为：烧结温度〉烧结时间〉预热时间。通过理化性质测试得出最佳工艺制备的陶粒特性：堆积密度为877 kg/m3,表观密度为1 509 kg/m3,空隙率为41.9%,筒压强度6.94 MPa,盐酸可溶率为2.3%。应用最佳工艺条件所制备的陶粒处理10 mg/L含磷废水获得高达99.83%的磷酸盐去除率。通过最佳烧结工艺能够制备高效除磷型粉煤灰陶粒滤料,在处理含磷废水方面具有一定的应用前景。     

垃圾填埋场底土层污染状况调查

通过钻探取样对一个垃圾场底部支的污染状况进行了现场调查。结果表明,垃圾场下方浅层土壤已受到一定程度的污染,Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ等重元素污染较轻,ＮＨ３Ｎ、ＴＯＣ值较高。由于该场地下方粘土层的渗透系数很小,污染物的迁移距离在３０ｃｍ～４０ｃｍ左右,能较有效地防止垃圾中污染物的快速下渗适移。