Numerical Investigation of Boundary-Layer Evolution and Nocturnal Low-Level Jets: Local versus Non-Local PBL Schemes

Numerical simulations of the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and nocturnal low-level jets (LLJ) have been carried out using MM5 (version 3.3) with four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) for a high pollution episode in the northeastern United States during July 15–20, 1999. In this paper, we assess the impact of different parameterizations on the PBL evolution with two schemes: the Blackadar PBL, a hybrid local (stable regime) and non-local (convective regime) mixing scheme; and the Gayno–Seaman PBL, a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)-based eddy diffusion scheme. No FDDA was applied within the PBL to evaluate the ability of the two schemes to reproduce the PBL structure and its temporal variation. The restriction of the application of FDDA to the atmosphere above the PBL or the lowest 8 model levels, whichever is higher, has significantly improved the predicted strength and timing of the LLJ during the night. A systematic analysis of the PBL evolution has been performed for the primary meteorological fields (temperature, specific humidity, horizontal winds) and for the derived parameters such as the PBL height, virtual potential temperature, relative humidity, and cloud cover fraction. There are substantial differences between the PBL structures and evolutions simulated by these two different schemes. The model results were compared with independent observations (that were not used in FDDA) measured by aircraft, RASS and wind profiler, lidar, and tethered balloon platforms during the summer of 1999 as part of the NorthEast Oxidant and Particle Study (NE-OPS). The observations tend to support the non-local mixing mechanism better than the layer-to-layer eddy diffusion in the convective PBL.     

The Natural Vegetation Responses to the Groundwater Change Resulting from Ecological Water Conveyances to the Lower Tarim River

This paper takes the ecological water conveyance project (EWCP) that transfers water from the Bosten Lake, to Daxihaizi Reservoir, and finally to the Taitema Lake as a case study to analyze the dynamic change of the groundwater depth, the vegetation responses to the elevation of the groundwater depth as well as the relationship between the groundwater depth and the natural vegetation. The results from many years’ monitoring in field indicate: (1) the groundwater depth has been elevating gradually with the increase in the times of watering and the elevation range has been expanding continuously in the lower reaches of Tarim River. Correspondingly, the natural vegetation has a favorable response to the elevation of the groundwater depth. The change of the natural vegetation has accordance with that of the groundwater depth. Such facts not only show that groundwater is a key factor to the growth of the native vegetation but also prove it is feasible that the degraded ecosystem can be restored and protected by the EWCP; (2) the results of analysis of the spatial-temporal response of the natural vegetation to watering reveals that the beneficial influence of the EWCP on the ecosystem in the lower Tarim River is a long-term process; (3) in terms of the function and structure of ecosystem after watering in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the EWCP does not still reach the goal of ecological restoration at a large spatial scale at present. Based on such monitoring results, some countermeasures and suggestions for the future restoration strategy are proposed so as to provide a theoretical basis for restoring and protecting the ecosystem in Tarim River, and meanwhile it can also provide some scientific references for implementing the similar ecological projects in other areas.     

小浪底水库对河道水质净化能力的影响

依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),采用单因子评价方法,分别对小浪底水库建成前3年和建成后4年的河道水质进行评价,结果表明,小浪底水库建成后,在库首断面水质持续恶化的情况下,小浪底坝下水质状况却明显好转,说明小浪底水库库水对原水污染物有较强的净化能力,从而使下游河段水质得到改善。     

石灰石中微量杂质对其脱硫活性的影响研究

石灰石的活性对湿法烟气脱硫工艺具有重要意义。采用间歇式硫酸消溶的方法,分别研究了石灰石中各微量杂质浓度对石灰石活性的影响,就其影响结果及其影响机理进行了理论分析,并用拟合曲线的方法预测各种杂质成分的影响程度。结果表明,二氧化硅和氧化铁的含量在一定范围内能提高石灰石的活性,超过此范围将使其活性降低,而氧化镁的存在能大幅提高石灰石的活性,氧化铝对石灰石活性影响不大。     

基于PDCA持续改善架构的企业业务持续管理研究

以研究业务持续管理相关的国际法规条款与PDCA持续改善架构,给出业务持续管理关键要素定义以其在PDCA架构中所担任的角色与位阶,进而制定企业业务持续管理的PDCA封闭式管理模型,并阐述企业典型业务持续管理各个要素的实行重点,为企业的业务风险管理提供可用的方法与可执行的建议。     

闪火灾害的后果分析

闪火是可燃性气体或蒸气泄漏到空气中并与之混合被点燃而发生的一种非爆炸性的蒸气云燃烧,其主要危害是热辐射和火焰直接灼烧。闪火的热辐射计算包括闪火动力特性及热通量计算。热辐射的大小由火焰的辐射能,视角系数和大气传输率所决定。运用Pietersen(1990)热辐射的伤害－破坏理论,分析计算了一起闪火灾害热辐射造成人的伤害后果和对建筑物的破坏后果。     

伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设对生态服务价值的影响

采用生态系统服务价值计算方法,估算伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设前后生态服务价值变化.结果显示:草地退化前,示范区生态服务价值为64.0万元·a-1;近几十年由于超载过牧草地,生物量明显下降,2003年生态服务价值降至45.9万元.示范区建设以后,生态服务价值显著提高.与草地退化前相比,2006年生态服务价值增长64.5%;与草地退化后相比,生态服务价值增长129.2%,主要由生态服务间接利用价值提供.表明伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设提升了该区生态服务价值,生态经济效益显著.     

白腐菌和红平红球菌共固定化处理增塑剂废水

以赭曲霉死菌丝体为载体,吸附红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropo lisNG0402)和白腐菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporiumM E-446)的混合物,用聚乙烯醇作包埋剂进行共固定化。用制备好的共固定化细胞处理增塑剂废水,连续运行19d的结果表明,共固定化处理增塑剂废水的效果远好于单一菌的效果。在pH7.0、溶解氧质量浓度3.0m g/L、水力停留时间25h的条件下,废水中苯酚、COD和色度的去除率连续15d达到了90%以上,对苯酚的去除能力为2.16kg/(m3.d)。     

人群聚集场所的风险评价技术研究

分析人群聚集场所事故产生的原因,提出人群聚集场所风险评价的方法。鉴于人群聚集场所的复杂性和不确定性因素较多,认为定性风险评价较为适合。并阐述定性风险评价技术的步骤和详细内容。     

硅酸镁/PES复合膜吸附材料的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用共混法制备了硅酸镁/聚醚砜(PES)复合膜吸附材料,通过傅氏转换红外线光谱分析仪(FT-IR)和扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对膜的结构进行表征,研究了复合膜的吸附性能、机械性能和热稳定性。考察了时间、溶液平衡浓度和pH等对亚甲基蓝吸附的影响。结果表明,综合机械性能和吸附性能考虑,硅酸镁含量为19%时的复合膜最佳。25℃条件下,对亚甲基蓝的吸附6 h达到平衡,最大吸附量为1.85 mg/cm2;25℃条件下,弱酸或碱性条件时有利于复合膜对亚甲基蓝的吸附。