茅坪河流域非点源污染负荷模拟

为定量化研究茅坪河流域农业非点源营养物质氮、磷的输出负荷,在茅坪河的亚流域陈家冲,利用2004-05～2004-10降雨期的监测数据,通过实测值和模拟值的比较对非点源污染模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)进行了率定和验证,采用Nash-Sutcliffe系数(R²)、均方根差(RMSE)和相对误差(CV)检验实测值和模拟值的拟合度.利用验证后的模型模拟了茅坪河流域营养物质氮、磷的输出负荷量.经验证径流、总氮和总磷的Nash-Sutcliffe系数分别为0.71、0.51和0.62,最小相对误差分别为1.8%、1.1%和10%,模型对氮和磷的输出模拟效果稍差,但对径流的模拟取得了较好的效果,表明该模型可运用于茅坪河流域非点源污染的模拟研究.模拟结果显示,2004-05～2004-10,茅坪河流域共有102.5 t氮和9.46 t磷流入长江,大量农业非点源污染的产生是造成茅坪河水质恶化的重要原因之一.     

An exploration of the relationship between adsorption and bioavailability of pesticides in soil to earthworm

A study was conducted to determine the adsorption/desorption of butachlor, myclobutanil and chlorpyrifos on five soils using a batch equilibration technique and to study the relationship between bioavailability to Allolobophora caliginosa and the adsorption/desorption of these three pesticides. The results showed that the adsorption/desorption processes of the tested compounds were mainly controlled by soil organic matter content (OM) and octanol/water-partitioning coefficient (K(ow)), and that the bioavailability of the pesticides was dependent on characteristics of pesticides, properties of soils, and uptake routes of earthworms. Bioconcentration of butachlor and myclobutanil was negatively correlated with Freundlich adsorption constant K(af) and K(df). However, only a slightly positive correlation between bioconcentration and K(af) and K(df) was observed for chlorpyrifos due to its high affinity onto soil.     

ICCLP: An Inexact Chance-Constrained Linear Programming Model for Land-Use Management of Lake Areas in Urban Fringes

Lake areas in urban fringes are under increasing urbanization pressure. Consequently, the conflict between rapid urban development and the maintenance of water bodies in such areas urgently needs to be addressed. An inexact chance-constrained linear programming (ICCLP) model for optimal land-use management of lake areas in urban fringes was developed. The ICCLP model was based on land-use suitability assessment and land evaluation. The maximum net economic benefit (NEB) was selected as the objective of land-use allocation. The total environmental capacity (TEC) of water systems and the public financial investment (PFI) at different probability levels were considered key constraints. Other constraints included in the model were land-use suitability, governmental requirements on the ratios of various land-use types, and technical constraints. A case study implementing the system was performed for the lake area of Hanyang at the urban fringe of Wuhan, central China, based on our previous study on land-use suitability assessment. The Hanyang lake area is under significant urbanization pressure. A 15-year optimal model for land-use allocation is proposed during 2006 to 2020 to better protect the water system and to gain the maximum benefits of development. Sixteen constraints were set for the optimal model. The model results indicated that NEB was between $1.48 × 10⁹ and $8.76 × 10⁹ or between $3.98 × 10⁹ and $16.7 × 10⁹, depending on the different urban-expansion patterns and land demands. The changes in total developed area and the land-use structure were analyzed under different probabilities (q _i ) of TEC. Changes in q _i resulted in different urban expansion patterns and demands on land, which were the direct result of the constraints imposed by TEC and PFI. The ICCLP model might help local authorities better understand and address complex land-use systems and develop optimal land-use management strategies that better balance urban expansion and grassland conservation.     

Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance,microbial community and N2O production

In this study,the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated.The results of the longterm experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity,to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency.Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal,accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% o...     

The Integration and Sustainable Development of Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration

Urban Agglomeration is an inevitable outcome of urbanization and industrialization, and a main form of urban development. Based on the analysis of urbanization and urban system situation, this paper will discuss the integration of urban agglomeration development, using the urban area of Cheng （Chengdu）-Yu （Chongqing） Urban agglomeration （CYUA） as a case study. By means of industries, population and spatial integrations, the function, strength and competition of CYUA will be improved and this urban agglomeration will transit from a budding state to a growing and mature one in future. The sustainable development of CYUA will depend on countermeasures, such as accelerating industrialization and urbanization, building a traffic network and express roads, strengthening the ability of self-sufficiency, enlarging the ecological construction and environmental protection, and establishing the synergetic institution of cross districts.     

Fate of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Xiangyang, central China during 2018 Chinese spring festival: Influence of fireworks burning and air-mass transport

Variations of levels, possible source and air mass transmission were investigated for 16 USEPA priority-controlled PAHs in PM_2.5 during 2018 Chinese Spring Festival (CSF) in Xiangyang City, central China which is the North-South pollutant airmass transport channel of China. Totally 37 samples were collected. Mass concentrations of Σ₁₆PAHs for the Pre–CSF day (Pre–CSFD), during the CSF day (CSFD) and after the CSF day (Af–CSFD) are 33.78 ± 17.68 ng/m³, 22.98 ± 6.49 ng/m³, and 8.99 ± 4.44 ng/m³, respectively. High resolution samples showed that Σ₁₆PAHs are higher in the morning (06:00–11:00) or afternoon (11:30–16:30), than those in the evening (17:00–22:00) and at night (22:30–05:30), whereas the result is reversed during the CSFD. Fireworks burning can obviously increase the mass concentration of PAHs. Air mass trajectory indicated that Xiangyang is a sink area of pollutants for northwest and southeast, and the sources of the northeast and southwest. The air mass only can be transmitted out through northeast and southwest. It is effective for improvement of air quality in Wuhan and Hunan to control fireworks emission in Henan and local areas. Fireworks burning was an important source for PAHs during CSFD, biomass, coal combustion, and traffic emission were the main sources of PAHs for Pre–CSFD and Af–CSFD periods. The health risk on the CSFD was higher than the acceptable levels, especially during the intensive fireworks burning, the risk value far exceed 1.0 × 10^?4, controlling burning fireworks is required.     

毛竹枯梢病病原菌毒素的生物测定及成分研究

毛竹枯梢病病原菌培养液的不同浓度粗提液对高粱胚根抑制率明显大于对胚芽抑制率,胚根对毒素的敏感性大于胚芽对毒素的敏感性;在121℃加热15分钟,胰蛋白酶处理2hr后,培养滤液对胚根和胚芽的抑制作用与对照比较无差异;培养滤液及粗提液经过透析后,毒性显著降低,并且透析后的培养滤液对胚根已无抑制作用;通过α-萘酚反应、班乃德反应和茚三酮反应等化学测定和薄层层析进一步分析表明毒素为一种分子量较小、且含有葡萄糖和果糖或两者其一的还原性多糖。     

土壤中胡敏酸提取方法的优化

以国际腐殖质协会(IHSS)推荐的胡敏酸提取方法为基础,以去有机质土壤中添加胡敏酸所配制的土壤为研究对象,引入超声作为胡敏酸提取的辅助条件,采用批次试验优化了土壤中胡敏酸的提取方法。结果表明,基于胡敏酸提取回收率和精密度,在室温下获得的优化提取方法为:液土比为8:1、提取次数为3次、Na OH溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L、超声功率为120 W、超声时间为30 min;在此优化条件下,胡敏酸的回收率为94.73%±1.50%,显著大于IHSS推荐方法的回收率64.76%±0.28%,变异系数CV为1.59%、小于10%。相对于IHSS提取法,此优化提取法具有胡敏酸提取回收率高、资源节约、胡敏酸变性小、提取时间短等优点。     

炼化装置泄漏检测与维修(LDAR)现状及发展趋势

对比分析泄漏检测技术现状、检测与维修效果,同时给出国内外设备泄漏检测与维修(LDAR)发展趋势,以中国石化炼化企业开展设备泄漏检测与维修为例,提出集团公司各炼化企业开展LDAR的建议。     

山地城市水安全问题的思考

中国属多山地的国家,山地城市依山而建,因其特殊的地理位置、地质条件、地形地貌、气候水文等环境要素,构成了区别于平原城市的重要特征。水安全是全球关注的问题,通过分析我国山地城市水安全问题及影响因素,发现水安全问题日趋严峻,为了构建可持续发展的"人"、"山地"和"水"的和谐关系,需要尽快开展山地城市水安全的研究。