开放空间复杂地形人员疏散模拟研究

为研究开放空间复杂地形条件下人员疏散,开发出能够模拟行人疏散的三维可视化软件系统。将复杂多变的地形分解为一系列连续变化的坡面,分析斜坡上行人受力,考虑重力影响,在经典社会力模型的基础上,提出一个改进模型。选择某气井周边居民疏散案例,运用VC++和OpenGL图形库技术初步完成整合数字高程模型(DEM)、道路网络和行人特征的三维社会力人员疏散模拟程序。最后通过实例模拟,可以明显地观察到人群的动态疏散过程以及在灾难中的拥堵行为、转向躲避行为和超越行为。应用该模型,能够实现复杂地形人员疏散三维动态模拟,并快速预测疏散时间。     

BaP和DDT暴露对翡翠贻贝胚胎重要酶活性影响的比较研究

为了揭示不同浓度苯并芘(BaP)及滴滴涕(DDT)对海洋贝类胚胎的生态毒理效应,将翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)胚胎分别暴露于不同浓度BaP及DDT中,检测暴露24 h和48 h后,BaP和DDT对翡翠贻贝胚胎抗氧化及非特异性免疫酶活性的影响,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP),并利用综合生物标志物响应(IBR)指数对苯并芘及DDT对翡翠贻贝胚胎的综合毒理效应进行评价。结果表明,BaP和DDT胁迫显著影响翡翠贻贝胚胎抗氧化酶(SOD、GPx)和非特异性免疫酶(ACP、AKP)的活性。与对照组相比,随着暴露浓度的升高,胚胎SOD、AKP的活性呈现先抑制后诱导的趋势。DDT和BaP对ACP酶活性的影响不同,其中BaP对ACP活性的影响表现为先抑制,后恢复,而DDT对翡翠贻贝胚胎ACP的活性影响不显著。IBR分析表明,在胁迫早期随着污染物浓度的升高,RIB值逐渐增大,随着染毒时间延长,处理组RIB值均减小,总体来说,DDT的RIB值比BaP的RIB值大,表明DDT的胚胎毒性较强。通过探究翡翠贻贝胚胎重要酶应答BaP和DDT胁迫的毒理生化响应,评价持久性有机污染物对海洋贝类的毒理效应,为敏感生物标志物的筛选打下一定的基础,且为海洋环境的污染早期预警监测提供了一种新思路。     

台风期间润扬悬索桥模态参数环境相关性研究

为给大跨桥梁结构损伤识别和安全性评价提供可靠的模态参数,利用润扬悬索桥结构健康监测系统(SHMS)记录的主梁加速度响应,基于希尔伯特黄变换(HHT)方法开展了该桥的模态参数识别分析,并进一步研究了"麦莎"台风期间该桥模态参数与所测环境的风速、温度因素间的偶联关系。研究结果表明:基于HHT识别的低频段阻尼比值普遍要大于高频段,阻尼比总体随着频率的增大而减小;识别结果与成桥试验所得现场实测参考值以及有限元值几乎吻合,验证了该方法的可靠性;台风期间各阶模态的频率相对稳定,受风速、温度影响程度小;模态阻尼比的波动性则较为明显,受风速、温度影响较大。研究结果可为更好地掌握台风期间大跨度悬索桥的动力特性及其全过程变化规律提供参考。     

Wintertime indoor air levels of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at public places and their contributions to TSP

From 26 October 2002 to 8 March 2003, particulate matter (PM) concentrations (total suspended particles [TSP], PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) were measured at 49 public places representing different environments in the urban area of Beijing. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the indoor PM concentrations in public places, (2) to evaluate the potential indoor sources and (3) to investigate the contribution of PM10 to TSP and the contributions of PM2.5 and PM1 to PM10. Additionally, The indoor and outdoor particle concentrations in the same type of indoor environment were employed to investigate the I/O level, and comparison was made between I/O levels in different types of indoor environment. Construction activities and traffic condition were the major outdoor sources to influence the indoor particle levels. The contribution of PM10 to TSP was even up to 68.8%, while the contributions of PM2.5 and PM1 to PM10 were not as much as that of PM10 to TSP.     

聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢剂的研究进展

目前国内油田注水管线清洗需要性能更佳的阻垢剂。经过对比研究,选择聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢清洗剂。同传统的阻垢剂相比,它的阻垢效果好,而且生物降解性极佳。分析了合成条件、相对分子量对合成的聚天冬氨酸阻垢性能的影响,确定了最佳的合成条件,并提出了聚天冬氨酸在其他领域的应用和今后的发展方向。     

紧急避难场所优化布局理论研究

建设应急避难场所是国际社会应对突发性事件的一项灾民安置措施,同时也是现代化大城市用于民众躲避地震、火灾、爆炸、洪水等重大自然灾害的安全避难场所.本文在对避难场所规划原则、城市避难场所布局、选址及其要求进行分析的基础上,提出了城市避难场所数量、容量的确定路线,并对避难场所布局优化进行了研究,提出了网络优化模型,并结合实际应用对其进行了一定的完善.     

大庆石油管理局粉煤灰综合利用现状及前景

简要介绍了目前国内外粉煤灰利用的情况,分析了大庆石油管理局粉煤灰利用范围,主要包括筑路、生产水泥、加工切块、陶粒和步踏砖等,粉煤灰的综合利用率在70%以上。通过调查粉煤灰综合利用情况,对制作水泥和制作步踏砖存在的问题提出了解决办法。针对大庆油田的实际情况,在借鉴国内外其他方法和技术的基础上,提出了综合利用粉煤灰的其他建议,例如用于固井作业的水泥浆体系,生产铝盐,用于填埋固体废物等。     

高科技制造业环安卫风险管理系统

只要有危害源就会存在一定的风险。由于生产过程的需要,高科技制造行业往往使用大量有毒、危险化学品,生产环境与生产设备也不同于传统产业,也因此,如何运用有效地环安卫(环境保护、工业安全、职业健康)风险管理机制来避免各种危害源可能对企业造成的负面冲击,以降低高科技行业营运过程可能遭遇的环安卫风险一直是高科技行业风险管理者所面临的挑战。本文将介绍如何以PDCA持续改善的架构来贯穿高科技行业环安卫风险管理流程与风险管理概念。     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THREE WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration from areas dominated by wetland vegetation are needed in the water budget of the Upper St. Johns River Basin. However, local data on evapotranspiration rates, especially in wetland environments, were lacking in the project area. In response to this need, the St. Johns River Water Management District collected evapotranspiration field data in Fort Drum Marsh Conservation Area over the period 1996 through 1999. Three large lysimeters were installed to measure the evapotranspiration from different wetland environments: sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), cattail (Typha domingensis), and open water. In addition, pan evaporation was measured with a standard class “A” pan. Concurrently, meteorological data including rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure were collected. By comparing computed evapotranspiration rates with those measured in the lysimeters, parameters in the Penman‐Monteith, the Priestley‐Taylor, and Reference‐ET methods, and evaporation pan coefficients were estimated for monthly and seasonal cycles. The results from the data collected in this study show that mean monthly evapotranspiration rates, computed by the different methods, are relatively close. From a practical point of view, results indicate that the evaporation pan can be used equally well as the more complex and data‐intensive methods. This paper presents the measured evapotranspiration rates, evaporation pan coefficients, and the estimated parameter values for three different methods to compute evapotranspiration in the project area. Since local data on evaporation are often scarce or lacking, this information may be useful to watershed hydrologists for practical application in other project regions.     

电力系统地震易损性研究

采用专家咨询方法研究了我国电力系统设施及功能的地震易损性,详细论述了所使用的方法及其步骤,给出了设施易损性和功能易损性的调查结果。数据的统计处理表明,这些结果可以用Logistic曲线得到很好的拟合。地震烈度的临界点出现在Ⅸ度与X度之间。本文的结果不但具有理论价值,而且具有应用价值。