磷钨酸催化合成混合二元酸二丁酯

采用混合二元酸和正丁醇为原料,以自制磷钨酸为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,合成了混合二元酸二丁酯.通过均匀设计和单因素实验研究得到混合二元酸二丁酯合成的最佳工艺条件:n(正丁醇):n(混合二元酸)为3.0,催化剂与混合二元酸的质量比为2.2%,甲苯在反应体系中的质量分数为22%,反应时间为2.0 h.在最佳工艺条件下反应的酯化率为99.44%.     

Antibiotic effect of exogenously applied salicylic acid on in vitro soilborne pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum

Salicylic acid, which is biosynthesized inside plant and is often found and accumulated in soil due to plant debris decaying, is considered as a signaling substance during plant-microbe interactions. It is involved in the cycling of biogeochemistry and related to plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. The antibiotic effect of salicylic acid on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum (FON) was studied to investigate the relationships between the salicylic acid and the fungus in the ecological interaction of plant-microbe. Results showed that the biomass, colony diameter, number of conidium germination and conidium production of FON were decreased by 52.0%, 25.7%, 100% and 100% at concentrations of 800 mg L(-1). However, mycotoxin yield was increased by 233%, pectinase activity raised by 168.0% and cellulase activity increased by 1325% compared to control at higher concentrations. It was concluded that salicylic acid as an allelochemical greatly inhibited FON growth and conidia formation and germination, though stimulated mycotoxin production and activities of hydrolytic enzymes by FON.     

反相乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其絮凝性能评价

研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度、引发剂用量等因素对所制备的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘度、转化率、阳离子度的影响,并对产品的污水絮凝性能进行了评价。较佳的制备条件为:单体浓度为45%,单体配比为7∶3,引发剂用量m(引发剂)/m(单体)为0.5%,引发温度为45℃。用红外光谱对共聚物进行了结构表征,结果表明聚合物中有六元氮杂环的存在,达到预定要求。对共聚物进行了油田污水絮凝性能评价,研究表明单独使用自制阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)时浊度的去除率为86.22%,COD去除率为87.95%,与聚合氯化铝复配使用时浊度去除率提高到92.91%,COD去除率提高到92.68%。     

湖北省造纸行业污染防治和结构调整的调研

在对湖北省造纸行业的现状进行调查、摸底的基础上 ,通过对企业利润与治污成本的分析 ,并结合国家的有关产业技术政策 ,提出了湖北省造纸行业污染防治和结构调整的意见与建议。     

杭州西湖水中四种重金属的形态分布和交换过程研究

研究了西湖水中铜，锰，锌和镉的溶解态和颗粒态的含量分布 ，月变化动脉及水平方向地动态交换，以揭示铜，锰，锌和镉在西湖水中不同相太的分布和迁移转化特征，得出西湖水中重金属的环境现状。     

Assessment of estrogen disrupting potency in animal foodstuffs of China by combined biological and chemical analyses

Food has been documented as one of major routes for human exposure to environmental estrogens（EEs）, but information on the occurrence of EEs in animal foodstuffs is still scarce.This study analyzed estrogenic activity in 16 types of animal foodstuffs（n = 142） collected from four cities（Wuhan, Guangzhou, Wenzhou and Yantai） of China by combined yeast estrogen screen（YES） bioassay and chemical analysis. By bioassay, all samples＇ extracts were found to induce estrogenic activities and the bioassay-derived 17β-estradiol equivalent（EEQbio） ranged from 8.29 to 118.32 ng/g. In addition, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for further chemical analysis. 17β-Estradiol was found in all samples in this survey at levels of 0.44 to 15.04 ng/g.All samples had 33.1% detection rate of 17α-ethinylestradiol（EE2）, and the maximum concentration was 2.80 ng/g. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenols were detected in 83.8% and83.1% of samples, with concentrations up to 12.56 ng/g and 35.76 ng/g, respectively.However, the concentrations of estrone, diethylstilbestrol and 4-t-octylphenol were found to be below the limit of detection. A comparison of EEQbiomeasured from the YES assay and EEQchemcalculated from chemical analysis showed good correlation（R2= 0.84）. Based on the results, the YES assay can be used as a rapid pre-screening method for monitoring the levels of estrogenic activity in large numbers of animal foodstuffs, and chemical analysis used in combination can be used for the identification of specific EEs.     

北京市实行机动车排放欧洲标准的环境效果分析

以2005年为基准年,在全面调查北京市城区道路交通、机动车保有运营状况的基础上建立机动车污染源排放清单,并借助ADMS-城市模型建立机动车污染物扩散模型,对北京市城区内的机动车污染物浓度进行了模拟;对国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ标准实施的污染物排放量变化及其对大气环境质量的影响进行回顾性评估,并预测实施国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ标准后,在未来能取得的污...     

大型钢铁企业尘污染总量控制优化

以我国某大钢企业为实例,综合考虑产品产量,治理费用,除尘技术,排污总量,建立了大型钢铁企业尘污染总量控制制优化模型。模型的求解结果提供了不同排污总量限值下的除尘类型优化组合方案,并揭示了排污总量与投资费用之间的定量关系。     

短链氯化石蜡分析方法、环境行为与健康效应的研究进展

氯化石蜡(chlorinated paraffins, CPs)是我国目前广泛应用在工业生产中的阻燃剂和增塑剂,其中短链氯化石蜡(short chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs)作为新污染物,因具有持久性、高毒性、长距离迁移特性和生物蓄积性等持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)特性引起了国内外的关注,尤其是SCCPs的环境赋存对环境健康的危害亟需进一步研究. 国内对SCCPs的研究集中在分析方法与环境行为等方面,对SCCPs的环境健康效应研究较少. 本文总结了近年来SCCPs分析方法的研究进展,并对其环境健康效应进行了梳理. 结果表明,SCCPs已被证实具有潜在的毒性效应,并且随着时间的推移,SCCPs在环境介质中的暴露浓度越来越高,因此SCCPs的环境外暴露对人体健康的潜在威胁越来越大. 研究显示,我国尚未停止SCCPs的生产与使用,因此在我国“十四五”规划之际,应加快SCCPs分析方法的研究进程,利用高分辨质谱将SCCPs的分析方法规范与标准化,并且在研究SCCPs的环境行为、迁移转化机制与毒性效应的基础上,深入开展SCCPs人体暴露风险与健康效应评估的研究,建立有效的环境健康风险评价模型与机制.      

Heat stress increases the efficiency of EDTA in phytoextraction of heavy metals

Solution culture and pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of root damage on phytoextraction of heavy metals. In hydroponics, roots of corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings were pretreated with heating stress, and then were exposed to 250 microM Pb+250 microM EDTA solutions for 7d. The results showed that the preheating treatment significantly increased Pb transportation from roots to shoots. In pot experiments, the effect of hot EDTA solution (95 degrees C) on the accumulation of heavy metal in the shoot of corn and pea (Pisum sativum L.) was also examined. Compared to normal EDTA (25 degrees C) treatment, application of hot EDTA solution to the soil surface increased the total removal of Pb in shoots of corn and pea by about 8- and 12-fold, respectively, in an artificially multimetal-contaminated soil. In addition, hot EDTA solution increased the shoot Cu removal by about 6-fold for corn and 9-fold for pea, respectively, in a naturally Cu-contaminated soil. These results suggested that exposure of roots to high temperature could increase the efficiency of EDTA on the accumulation of heavy metals in shoots. This new approach can help to minimize the amount of chelate applied in the field and reduce the potential risk of heavy metals' leaching.