Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean pH at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollution was not alleviated and began to deteriorate after 2015. The continuing downward trend for alkaline neutralizing ions (Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺) in precipitation indicated that the reduction in alkaline neutralizing substances in the atmosphere was an important factor that led to the deterioration in acid rain across Guilin. The principal component analysis and spearman correlation analysis indicated five sources of ions in precipitation. Quantitative assessment of these five sources indicated that fossil fuel combustion contributed the most ions concentration in precipitation at the three sites, followed by agriculture, terrestrial (crustal) sources, marine sources, and biomass burning. Long-distance airflow might affect the acidity, the electrical conductivity (EC), and ion concentrations in precipitation across Guilin. The airflow trajectory from the west and southeast directions corresponded to higher acidity and ion concentrations. According to the current air pollution control strategy planned by Guilin, reducing atmospheric coarse particles and NH₃ at the same time may potentially lead to further deteriorations in acid rain contents. Therefore, Guilin needs to develop more reasonable pollution prevention measures that synergistically control atmospheric pollutants and acid rain pollution.     

Relationship between environmental exposure to toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene and the expired breath concentrations for gasoline service workers

This study evaluated the relationship between the breath concentrations of, and personal exposure to, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene of thirty workers from ten gasoline stations. Personal exposure air samples and workplace samples were collected simultaneously. Each subject provided a sample of exhaled breath after his or her personal exposure air was sampled. Twenty-five personal air, 17 workplace and 30 breath samples were collected in this study. Results indicated that breath concentrations of toluene and xylene were significantly correlated with personal monitoring concentrations. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that exhaled toluene levels were highly influenced by personal toluene concentrations and the amount of personal gasoline sold (r2 = 0.762), while exhaled xylene levels depended on wind speed and personal xylene exposure concentrations (r2 = 0.665). Exhaled ethylbenzene levels were too low to present a relationship between concentrations and personal exposure levels. The exhaled toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 41.8, 0.9 to 13.9, and 0.2 to 6.5 ppb, and the corresponding personal monitoring concentrations ranged from 60.3 to 572.3, 16.4 to 156.6, and 10.7 to 136.6, respectively. The average number of symptoms per person, according to neurotoxic questionnaire 16 (abbreviated as Q16) was 4.1 and six workers showed over six symptoms in Q16. This study suggests that exhaled toluene and xylene levels are suitable for use as biological exposure indices even at the ppb-level of exposure. Gasoline service workers are exposed to high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the potential threats to their neurological systems deserve further investigation.     

行人和疏散动力学研究现状及进展

行人和疏散动力学的研究在步行设施的设计,人群的安全疏散,城市规划及计算机疏散软件开发等方面具有重要意义.对国内外的研究现状进行了评述,对研究内容、研究方法进行了分类,对研究成果及应用进行了总结,同时指出了目前研究中存在的问题,对这一领域中研究发展提出了建议.     

恐怖袭击风险减缓实例分析

为避免被安全机构监视和追踪 ,恐怖组织常常利用网络结构的优势 ,通过对被动支持者的渗透 ,以突然出现的聚集群方式发动恐怖袭击。军队、警察等传统的反恐工具在试图压制这种多源性恐怖活动时将面临更大挑战。以“东突”问题为例 ,应用物理学的渗透概念模拟特定区域恐怖袭击威胁的形成机理 ,从理论上分析了采取非破坏性手段减缓恐怖袭击风险的可行性。     

城市公共场所人群拥挤踩踏事故分析

城市公共场所人群高度聚集、流动性大,紧急状态时常发生群死群伤的拥挤踩踏事故,造成大量人员伤亡和恶劣的社会影响。笔者首先提出拥挤踩踏事故分析的一般方法,并用群集指数来表征人群高度聚集这一参量;通过对近年来国内外人群拥挤踩踏事故的分析,认为该类事故以人群高度聚集为条件,由公众造成又危害公众,具有诱因众多、发生突然、难以控制等特点;强调事故预防和控制重点是建立事故应急机制,加强人群的管理和疏导等;同时从公共场所的性能优化设计、人群素质和群集密度、人群管理控制以及信息交流等方面分析其事故原因及提出相应对策,对预防此类事故发生,减少群集伤亡有重要意义。     

高层建筑火灾风险的概率模糊综合评价方法

火灾风险评价是减小和控制高层建筑火灾的基本手段。目前 ,高层建筑火灾风险的评价方法很多 ,但是很少有将概率方法与模糊评价方法相结合进行火灾风险评价的。笔者基于对高层建筑火灾风险因素的综合分析 ,建立了高层建筑火灾风险的概率模糊综合评价模型 ,并以具体的工程实例 ,论述了该数学模型在高层建筑火灾风险评价中的应用 ,目的在于为高层建筑火灾风险评价方法的研究提供一种新的尝试 ,为采取合理的火灾防治技术措施在理论上、方法上提供有益的指导。     

48 m环形加热炉系统的事故研究与分析

通过环形加热炉系统的事故类型研究分类与汇总，以及火灾爆炸事故和CO中毒事故的定性定量分析，使现场操作维修人员在安全生产管理中，能够准确地抓住环形加热炉系统事故隐患的关键所在，进而更加科学合理地控制好设备的正常运行，保障安全生产。     

铜矿酸性废水氧化钙中和处理装置的改造

介绍了用氧化钙二次中和沉淀法处理铜矿酸性废水的工艺流程、主要设备和处理效果。针对矿山不断开采带来的废水水质变化和处理装置存在的新问题 ,对工艺路线、斜板沉淀池、石灰消和机等进行了改造。改造后的运行结果表明 ,出水水质达到GB8978— 1996二级排放标准 ,节约运行费用 15万元 /a ,沉淀池大修期从 4a延长到 6a ,减少石灰用量 8% ,增加废水处理量 1.5× 10 5m3 /a。     

高速公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的后果分析

本文针对公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的实例,对事故发生的原因进行了分析.分析结果认为,事故属于沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE),事故对人员和财产危害包括3个方面:火球热辐射、爆炸冲击波超压和抛射碎片.本文介绍了这3种危害的数学模型和方法,并针对事故实例进行了分析和计算.结果表明,在事故发生现场100m范围内的热辐射可致人死亡或造成三度烧伤;冲击波超压在80m范围外会使玻璃破碎,但无人员伤亡;抛射碎片在334 m的范围内都可能对人体造成伤害.由此,可以得出火球热辐射是事故中最主要危害的结论.     

中国东南大陆中、新生代岩浆作用与壳幔演化动力学

本文论述了中国东南大陆中、新生代岩浆作用的多旋回性和迁移性，构造演化与岩石系列和岩石组合的关系。前寒武纪岩石圈制约本区中、新生代岩浆作用和成矿作用，并在三种岩石围岩石学一地球物理综合模型中反映。总结了四个主要构造期岩浆作用源区特征和构造背景，并根据不同大地构造单元在碰撞造山后近南北向刊近北东向伸展裂解，从造山带挤压碰撞向伸展裂解机制转换过程探讨了中、新生代岩浆作用和壳幔演化动力学。