黄河兰州市区段水质污染的监测与防治

通过对黄河兰州市区段2007年水质进行监测,评价分析了黄河兰州段水体的污染现状、污染变化及其特征,结果表明黄河兰州市区段水质存在着不同程度的污染。对造成水质污染的原因、污染危害及防治对策进行了讨论,提出了相应的污染防治对策。     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

水资源系统风险构成及其评价——以北京市为例

论文在综合考虑系统属性、风险过程后,基于致险、承险因子及损害程度构建了水资源系统风险的评价指标体系及模型。该指标体系由4层次共20个指标构成,能更好地表征风险的产生和构成。评价模型包括参数计算与风险分级,能简便计算风险参数及因子贡献率并进行相应的风险级别划分。随后运用上述指标体系及模型,评价了北京市面临的水资源系统风险,结果表明主要致险因子是缺水率(0.426 1),主要的承险因子是水资源保障程度(0.647 6);若单考虑致险情况下的风险,北京市面临57.13%的致险率,在综合考虑水资源承险能力后得到风险为26.97%,显示北京市能较好应对水资源系统风险,但仍受约束性风险限制,可通过开源节流、调整产业结构及规范水资源管理来应对。     

Effects of sediment dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake

Effects of suction dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake,were evaluated.The results showed that a decreasing trend for levels of phosphorus,organic matter,total suspended solids,Chlorophyll a and Secchi transparency in the water column was found,while levels of water depth,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids and NO 3--N concentration increased markedly post-dredging.The effects of dredging on dissolved oxygen,pH value and temperature were alm...     

Effect of lime application on microbial community in acidic tea orchard soils in comparison with those in wasteland and forest soils

Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the e ect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO3/kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO3/kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant e ect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater e ect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.     

CSTR系统发酵产氢细菌群落动态与产氢能力关系解析

将CSTR系统内pH由4.2一次性提高至6.0左右,启动发酵类型的转化,研究了转化过程系统内的产氢动态和细菌群落.结果表明,在有机负荷维持在（33±1）kg/(m³·d)的情况下,发酵类型10 d内未发生改变,产氢量8 d内未降低,15 d后系统内种群由乙醇型转化为丁酸型,进水碱度由250 mg/L增至2 450　mg/L.研究中利用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对反应系统内3类微生物群进行监测发现,在转化过程中Clostridium cluster XI数量增加,Clostridium cluster Ⅰ 和Ⅱ数量减少,而Enterobacteriaceae始终存在,变化不明显.种群的消长同反应系统产氢能力的高低存在密切关联,以Clostridium cluster Ⅰ和Ⅱ占优势的乙醇型发酵具有更佳的产氢能力,平均比产氢速率为23.6 mol/(kg·d).     

基于GIS的中国物质积累基础评价：从分县到分省

一个地区的发展是众多因素发展的积累,这种积累离不开资源的利用与转化。地区发展的结果往往直接体现在物质财富的生产和积累上。因此可以从资源角度出发,在资源转化视角下,以区域物质财富为着眼点来反映区域发展进程。基于此,提出物质积累基础概念,从基础设施水平、交通通达度、经济发展水平3方面,构建物质积累指数模型;运用GIS技术和数理统计方法,以2005年为例,定量计算中国分县物质积累指数,集成分省物质积累指数,从分县和分省两个尺度系统评价了中国物质积累水平。研究结果表明：①从分县尺度看,2005年中国县域物质积累水平高低两端差异悬殊,中等水平占主体,呈现明显的“纺锤形”结构,空间分布不均衡,东南半壁物质积累水平明显优于西北半壁;中国贫困地区物质积累水平相对滞后,城市地区相对超前,两类典型地区经济发展水平差距最为显著;②从分省尺度看,中国分省物质积累水平差异显著,地域分布呈现“东高西低”的空间格局;不同等级水平间基础设施水平差距最大,是引起省域尺度上物质积累状况差距的显著因子。     

浅谈液化气钢瓶(罐)灭火抢险技术

介绍了液化石油气的性质、火灾特点以及液化石油气钢瓶、液化石油气储罐的灭火抢险技术。     

常减压装置自燃危险分析及对策

通过对常减压装置内介质温度和自燃点的比较分析,绘制装置自燃危险分析图,确定自燃危险的重点防护区,并提出对策措施。     

改性兰炭末对硝基苯生产废水的吸附处理

采用H_2O_2溶液对兰炭末进行改性,并将改性后的兰炭末用于硝基苯生产废水(COD为560 mg/L)的吸附处理。对改性前后的兰炭末进行了表征,考察了吸附效果的影响因素,并对吸附前后改性兰炭末的燃烧热进行了测定。表征结果显示,兰炭末经改性后比表面积和孔径均增大。实验结果表明:在改性兰炭末投加量为0.2 g/m L、吸附时间为180 min、吸附温度为30℃的条件下,废水的COD去除率为93.4%,处理出水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中规定的排放标准;改性兰炭末对废水中COD的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型;吸附后的改性兰炭末燃烧热值增大。