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241.
Quirós-Alcalá L Bradman A Nishioka M Harnly ME Hubbard A McKone TE Eskenazi B 《Environment international》2011,37(3):592-596
California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians' high exposures are due to the state's strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p<0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children's estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes. 相似文献
242.
Gitea Manuel Alexandru Gitea Daniela Tit Delia Mirela Purza Lavinia Samuel Alina Dora Bungău Simona Badea Gabriela Elena Aleya Lotfi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(10):9908-9915
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The authors analyzed certain species and varieties of fruit tree in which applied crop technology is used and also undergoes the effects of climate... 相似文献
243.
Helmut W. Fischer Susanne Ulbrich Daniela Pittauerov Bernd Hettwig 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009,100(12):1079-1085
Motivated by the detection of 131I in river sediment in routine long-term surveillance samples, a systematic short-term study of the wastewater treatment chain was planned and conducted. Inflow, effluent and primary sludge were collected on a daily basis during two weeks at a regional wastewater treatment plant. Samples were investigated by gamma spectroscopy. Four medically used isotopes could be identified (131I and 99mTc regularly, 153Sm and 123I sporadically). The concentration levels coincide well with literature data for 131I, and with our own long-term data for 131I and 99mTc for the same plant. Cosmogenic 7Be activity in primary sludge correlated well with rainfall intensity. Surface sediment was sampled at low tide at both shores of the river, up- and downstream of the plant. 131I was identified in all samples, with a sharp maximum (about 100 Bq kg−1 d.m.) at the discharge point of the plant and lower levels elsewhere, decreasing monotonically in downstream direction. 7Be and 137Cs showed the same behaviour, but no peak at the discharge point. Predictions from simple equilibrium models for the transport and sedimentation of 131I show good agreement with the experimental data and suggest that the wastewater treatment plant is the main source for this isotope. 相似文献
244.
Daniela Wenger Andreas C. Gerecke Norbert V. Heeb Christoph Hueglin Cornelia Seiler Regula Haag Hanspeter Naegeli Renato Zenobi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(22-23):3556-3562
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is an air-suspended mixture of solid and liquid particles that vary in size, shape, and chemical composition. Long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of fine atmospheric particles is considered to pose a health threat to humans and animals. In this context, it has been hypothesized that toxic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role. Some PAHs are known to be carcinogenic and it has been shown that carcinogenic effects of PAHs are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In this study, PM1 was collected at a rural and an urban traffic site during an intense winter smog period, in which concentration of PM1 often exceeded 50 μg m?3. We applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify PM1-associated chemicals that induce AhR-mediated gene expression. This activity was expressed as CALUX equivalents of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (PM-TCDD-CEQs). In addition, concentrations of PAHs in the PM1 extracts were determined using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs ranged from 10 to 85 pg m?3 and from 19 to 87 pg m?3 at the urban and rural site, respectively. By the use of known relative potency factors, the measured concentration of a PAH was converted into a PAH-TCDD-CEQ concentration. ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ and PM-TCDD-CEQ were highly correlated at both sites (r2 = 0.90 and 0.69). The calculated ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQs explain between 2% and 20% of the measured PM-TCDD-CEQs. Benzo[k]fluoranthene was the most important PAH causing approximately 60% of the total ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ activity. In contrast to NO, CO, PM10, and PM1, the concentration of PM-TCDD-CEQs showed no significant difference between the two sites. No indications were found that road traffic emissions caused elevated concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs at the urban traffic site. 相似文献
245.
Daniela Meyer Fernandes Cynthia Fraga Scofield Arnaldo Alcover Neto Mauri Jos Baldini Cardoso Fatima Maria Zanon Zotin 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2009,87(5):315-322
Automotive catalyst deactivation can be promoted by thermal and poisoning mechanisms. Catalyst efficiency is reduced by thermal degradation resulting in the agglomeration of precious metals and the reduction of the washcoat surface area. In this paper, the temperature influence on the commercial Pd/Rh-based automotive catalyst performance was studied. Textural and physicochemical characterisation techniques were employed, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX). The catalysts were evaluated for CO and propane oxidation with a stoichiometric gas mixture similar to engine exhaust gas. The results indicated the transformation of alumina into high temperature phases and the formation of new mixed oxide phases. Evidence of sintered particles and several spots of palladium agglomerates was seen by SEM–EDX analysis. The activity results showed the effects of thermal deactivation on the conversion of the pollutants. In spite of exposure to extreme temperature conditions (72 h at 1200 °C), significant activity was still observed for carbon monoxide and propane oxidation reactions. 相似文献
246.
Mehmet Coelhan Gerda Fingerling Daniela Angerhöfer Harun Parlar 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1998,10(1):37-59
Toxaphene is a mixture of more than 200 polychlorinated C10-terpenes. Due to its persistence and long-range transport, it is distributed all over the world. Many of the components are very stable under environmental conditions, while others are easily degraded by UV-light or microorganisms. The main conversion pathway is reductive dechlorination and dehydrochlorination; oxidative degradation possibly occurs only after previous dechlorination. Accumulation especially in the aquatic environment has led in many cases to high residue levels in fish, marine mammals, and sea birds of the northern hemispere. Toxaphene is mutagenic in the Ames test and of high toxicity for fish, but few data are available on the toxicity of single components or their mode of action. 相似文献
247.
Abbate C Borzì D Caboni P Baglieri A Gennari M 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2007,42(7):843-849
A study was conducted to investigate fenhexamid (FEX) behavior in soil and in water. FEX proved to be rather stable at acid pH but showed slight degradation at neutral and alkaline pH. After 101 days of FEX spiking of a soil sample, 94% at pH 4, 12% at pH 7 and 23% at pH 9 of the active ingredient was still present. In natural water the rate of FEX disappearance appeared to be slow which may be due to abiotic rather than biotic processes. The soil degradation tests showed low persistence of the active ingredient if a good microflora activity is guaranteed (DT(50) about 1 day). Moreover, in absence of microorganisms, FEX proved to be stable. Humidities of 25 and 50% of Water Holding Capacity (WHC) influenced in equal measure the rate of degradation. From the same soil, a bacterium was isolated and identified as Bacillus megaterium, which was able to metabolize FEX with the hydroxylation of the cyclohexane ring. Moreover, FEX showed an elevated affinity for humic acid (73%), smectite (31%), and ferrihydrite(20%) and low affinity for vermiculite (11%) and kaolinite (7%). 相似文献
248.
A Bellante M Sprovieri G Buscaino G Buffa V Di Stefano DS Manta M Barra F Filiciotto A Bonanno S Mazzola 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(9):2382-2391
Concentrations of Cd and As were determined in organs and tissues (muscle, heart, kidney, lung and liver) of four cetacean species (Stenella coeruleoalba, Truncatus truncatus, Grampus griseus and Ziphius cavirostris) stranded along the Italian coasts during the period 2000-2009. Significant differences were found between Cd concentrations in the different analysed tissues. Particularly, the kidney shows the highest concentrations of Cd in all analysed specimens, followed by the liver. No systematic or statistically significant difference in As concentrations was found in the analysed tissues. Considerable differences of Cd and As values in samples from different geographical areas (Sicily Channel, Adriatic Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea) were found, with the highest values measured in samples from the Sicily Channel. This basically suggests that anthropogenic and natural sources significantly affect Cd and As content in cetaceans. 相似文献
249.
Looking for robust indicators of motor vehicle emissions it has been found that brake wear and linings are significant contributors of Cu, Mo and Sb to air particulate matter. These trace elements, whose mutual ratios in airborne particulate matter resulted quite different from those in crustal material, appear to be available fingerprinting tools to identify the contribution of on-road vehicles to traffic-derived particulate matter. In this study, the results of analytical determinations of Cu, Mo and Sb on PM(10), PM(2.5), vegetation and brake dust samples, together with gas (CO, NOx) concentrations, are discussed. Highly significant correlations among Cu, Sb and Mo were observed in particulate matter from Palermo and between Cu-Sb and Cu-Mo at Catania. Further significant positive correlations have been found in pine needles from Palermo, Gela and in platanus leaves from Catania. 相似文献
250.