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221.
Daiane Tomacheski Michele Pittol Ana Paula Moscardini Lopes Douglas Naue Simões Vanda Ferreira Ribeiro Ruth Marlene Campomanes Santana 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(1):73-82
The incorporation of antimicrobial metals such as silver is an alternative to protect the material against microbial attack. However, loaded polymer can lose its antimicrobial properties after some time of use, and the additive may even leak out into the environment becoming harmful to non-target organisms. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of silver containing thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) samples exposed to weathering and the influence of additive incorporation in material biodegradation in the soil. For this purpose, silver ions (Ag+_bentonite, Ag+_phosphate) and silver nanoparticles (AgNp_silica) based additives were blended in a formulation of SEBS, polypropylene and mineral oil. The test samples were exposed to natural ageing over nine months, and were then evaluated according to their mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity, and degree of crystallinity and surface characteristics. The biodegradation process before and after natural ageing was evaluated through the generation of carbon dioxide. The results show that the action of natural ageing reduced the mechanical properties of loaded and unloaded TPE, and modified the degree of crystallinity and the chemical characteristic of the TPE surface. The presence or type of additive did not influence material resistance after being exposed to weathering. A decrease in antimicrobial activity in samples after natural ageing was observed. At a variable level and according to the chemical content, generation of carbon dioxide from TPE samples was greater in aged samples than in unexposed ones. 相似文献
222.
Sabine Grundmann Ulrike Dörfler Bernhard Ruth Christine Loos Tobias Wagner Heidrun Karl Jean Charles Munch Reiner Schroll 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):177-185
A recently designed two-chamber-lysimeter-test-system allows the detailed investigation of degradation, transport and transfer
processes of 14C-labeled substances in soil–plant–atmosphere-systems under outdoor conditions. With this test system it is feasible to distinguish
between 14C-emissions from soil surfaces and 14C-emissions from plant surfaces in soil monoliths under real environmental conditions. Special soil humidity sensors allow
the measurement of soil water content near to the soil surface, in 1 and 5 cm depth. The behavior of organic chemicals can
be followed for a whole vegetation period and a mass balance for the applied chemical can be established. Some selected results
of the herbicides isoproturon and glyphosate – using the two-chamber-lysimeter-test-system – are presented to demonstrate
its applicability for the identification and quantification of the processes that govern pesticide behavior in soil–plant-systems.
Mineralization of 14C-isoproturon was very different in four different soils; the mineralization capacity of the soils ranged from 2 to 60%. Leaching
of isoproturon in general was very low, but depending on the soil type and environmental conditions isoproturon and its metabolites
could be leached via preferential flow, especially shortly after application. For the herbicide 14C-glyphosate no accumulation of residues in the soil and no leaching of the residues to deeper soil layers could be observed
after three applications. Glyphosate was rapidly degraded to AMPA in the soil. Glyphosate and AMPA were accumulated in soy
bean nodules. 相似文献
223.
Managing Protected Woodlands: Fuelwood Collection and Law Enforcement in Lake Malawi National Park 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract: We examined the decisions women make in their collection of fuelwood within a protected area in Malawi. We used law enforcement data and behavioral observations of fuelwood harvesting practices to examine the risk of detection and penalties posed by law enforcement activities. Our results indicate that, at their current levels, law enforcement patrols have little effect on wood collection practices. The low risk of detection and light penalties appear to favor illegal wood collection, which is practiced by the majority of women. Alternative strategies should be pursued to enhance the conservation of the woodland and its management as a fuelwood resource for local communities. 相似文献
224.
Allan F. Williams Author Vitae Ruth A. Shults Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(2):77-84
The evolution of graduated licensing systems in the past 25 years has resulted in dramatic growth in research on this topic. The most recent summary reports have covered the period up to 2007. In the present article more recent and ongoing research is categorized, summarized, and discussed. 相似文献
225.
Lake Vela, located in the Portuguese littoral-centre, is a temperate shallow lake exhibiting a high trophic status. This aquatic
ecosystem has been potentially exposed to contamination generated by agricultural and livestock activities held in their drainage
basin, which seriously compromise their health. This work summarizes some background information and presents the problem
formulation step of the ERA. Therefore, it evaluates the characteristics of the stressor(s), describes the ecological system
and receptors and suggests a conceptual model, which predicts the potential exposure pathways, relating suspected sources
to the defined endpoints. This introductory step also described an analysis plan on the entire study, which includes a delineation
of the assessment design, data needs, measures, and methods for conducting the analysis phase of the risk assessment process. 相似文献
226.
Concentrations of phthalate esters and identification of other additives in PVC children’s toys 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruth Stringer Iryna Labunska David Santillo Paul Johnston John Siddorn Angela Stephenson 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2000,7(1):27-36
This study was intended to provide data on the composition of soft PVC toys, addressing the widest practicable range of chemical
additives and including non-phthalate additives. The study also included toys from as many countries as possible, since for
many, no data were available. A total of 72 toys were purchased in 17 countries. The majority (64) were PVC or had PVC sections.
In almost all the soft PVC toys analysed, phthalates comprised a sizeable proportion (most frequently 10–40%) of the total
weight of the toy.
The predominant phthalates detected were diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Other phthalates
identified in high concentrations in some toys include isomeric mixes of diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) and diisodecyl phthalate
(DIDP). The estrogenic chemical nonylphenol was isolated from 13 toys, while 2 toys were found to contain the fungicide Fungitrol
11 (Folpet). 78% of PVC toys contained one or more extractable organic compounds in addition to those reported above.
Some of these data have been released previously by Greenpeace and made available on the internet.This report, however, which
is intended for a technically expert audience, has been peer reviewed and contains further analytical data that have not been
published before. 相似文献
227.
Non-host organisms affect transmission processes in two common trematode parasites of rocky shores 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Katrin Prinz Thomas C. Kelly Ruth M. O’Riordan Sarah C. Culloty 《Marine Biology》2009,156(11):2303-2311
The transmission of free-living trematode stages is mediated by various environmental factors, of which the presence of ambient
organisms within the host space is a potential major determinant. In two laboratory mesocosm experiments, we investigated
the influence of four intertidal rocky shore species on transmission success of cercariae of the digenean trematodes Echinostephilla
patellae (encysting in the tissue of blue mussels Mytilus edulis) and Parorchis
acanthus (encysting on mussel shells). Encystment success of both parasite species was significantly lower in the presence of test
organisms when compared to controls. Observations revealed that barnacles Austrominius
modestus actively filtered cercariae, whereas the larvae were obstructed by the seaweeds Corallina
officinalis and Fucus
serratus. Anemones Actinia
equina both physically disturbed and consumed cercariae. In a further laboratory experiment, grazing gastropods (Littorina
littorea, Patella
vulgata, and Gibbula
umbilicalis) were found to significantly reduce the numbers of P. acanthus metacercariae in artificially prepared dishes by ingestion of cysts. Our results suggest that non-host organisms may play
a key role in regulating the transmission of free-living trematode stages in rocky shore ecosystems, which is especially important
with regard to the relative diversity and density of species in these habitats. The findings also emphasize the need to include
parasites into marine food webs, since cercariae seem to be consumed by certain organisms to a considerable extent and could
possibly represent an important energy source. 相似文献
228.
Ruth Gingold Manuel Mundo-Ocampo Oleksandr Holovachov Axayácatl Rocha-Olivares 《Marine Biology》2010,157(8):1741-1753
The role of habitat complexity has been widely neglected in the study of meiofaunal community patterns. We studied the intertidal
nematode community of a structurally complex macrotidal beach exhibiting contrasting microhabitats (sandbars and runnels)
to understand the influence of environmental gradients and habitat heterogeneity in the community structure. We tested whether
topographical complexity affected (1) the zonation pattern in terms of abundance and diversity, and (2) local diversity by
promoting compartmentalization into distinct faunal groups. Our analyses revealed three major faunal assemblages along the
exposure gradient associated to differences in mean grain size and chlorophyll a. Diversity patterns involved a mid-intertidal peak, consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, and another
peak at the limit with the subtidal region, consistent with the transition zone. These results highlight the predominance
of environmental gradients in establishing intertidal zonation. However, microhabitats differed in environmental conditions
and possessed significantly distinct nematofaunal communities. Runnels featured higher levels of taxonomic and functional
diversity, many unique genera, and the community differed from the assemblage at the limit to the subtidal, stressing their
role as distinct microhabitats. The nematofauna of the structurally complex beach was more diverse than the one from a homogeneous
beach nearby, supporting the hypothesis that structural heterogeneity promotes diversity by compartmentalization and highlighting
the importance of microhabitats in the assessment of biodiversity. Contrary to previous predictions, our results indicate
potentially high regional marine nematode diversity in the Upper Gulf of California. 相似文献
229.
Lance Wallace Ruth Zweidinger Mitch Erickson S. Cooper Don Whitaker Edo Pellizzari 《Environment international》1982,8(1-6)
Methods for determining individual exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) during normal daily activities were field tested on university student volunteers in Texas and North Carolina. The equipment tested included a personal monitor employing Tenax GC® to collect organic vapors for later analysis by GC-MS, and a specially designed spirometer for collecting samples of expired human breath on duplicate Tenax cartridges. The personal monitor and spirometer proved feasible for collecting abundant quantitative data on most of the 15 target organics. Air exposures to many VOC varied widely, sometimes over three orders of magnitude, among students on the same campus who had been monitored over the same time period and day. A log-linear relationship between breathing-zone air exposures and concentrations in exhaled breath was suggested for three chemicals: tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and vinylidene chloride. Air was the main route of exposure for all target compounds except the two trihalomethanes (chloroform and bromodichloromethane), which were transmitted mainly through water. Estimated total daily intake through air and water of the target organics ranged from 0.3 to 12.6 mg, with 1,1,1-trichloroethane at the highest concentrations in both geographic areas. 相似文献
230.
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in which 66 Parshall flumes used for agricultural flow measurement were assessed for physical integrity, settlement, and submergence. A total of 292 physical defects was documented. A flow measurement error analysis was performed indicating that 52 percent of the flumes measured flow beyond ±3 percent of the correct value and 41 percent of the flumes measured flow beyond ±5 percent. The findings indicate that the infrastructure is aging. The flow measurement system comprised of flumes no longer provide an accurate accounting of water through the distribution network. 相似文献