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141.
C Lourencetti MR De Marchi ML Ribeiro 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2012,47(10):949-958
This study reports the influence of sugar cane vinasse on the persistence, sorption and leaching potential of diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) in both a clay and sandy soil from a tropical area of Brazil. The experiments were conducted out under controlled laboratory conditions. The addition of sugarcane vinasse to soil influenced the persistence and sorption of the herbicides in both the studied clay and sandy soils, with a considerable decrease in the diuron DT(50) values in clay soil. The Ground Water Ubiquity Score (GUS) Index classifies the herbicides as leachers in both soils and treatments, with the exception of diuron, which is classified as a non-leacher in clay soil-vinasse and as a transient herbicide in sandy soil. These results suggest that special attention should be given to areas such as those where the sandy soil was collected in this study, which is a recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer and is likely to experience groundwater contamination due to the high leaching potential of the applied pesticides. 相似文献
142.
Manaca MN Grimalt JO Gari M Sacarlal J Sunyer J Gonzalez R Dobaño C Menendez C Alonso PL 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(3):756-762
Introduction
We report on the analysis of 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4′-DDT) and its metabolites in thatch and branch samples constituting the wall materials of dwellings from South African subtropical areas. This approach was used to assess the exposure to DDT in the residents of the dwellings after indoor residual spraying (IRS) following recommended sanitation practices against malaria vectors. 相似文献143.
Evaluation of olive oil mill wastewater toxicity on spinach 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Asfi M Ouzounidou G Moustakas M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(6):2363-2371
Background, aim, and scope
Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW), a by-product of the olive oil extraction process, is annually produced in huge amounts in olive-growing areas and represents a significant environmental problem in Mediterranean areas. We studied the impact of OMW dilutions (1:20 and 1:10) on spinach plants in order to evaluate OMW dilutions as a low-cost alternative method for the disposal of this waste.Materials and methods
The effects of OMW dilutions were evaluated on seed germination, shoot and root elongation, biomass production, nutrient uptake and translocation, ascorbic acid content, polyphenols, photosynthetic pigments, and photosynthetic performance of spinach.Results
Plant biomass was more affected than plant height and total chlorophyll; carotenoid and ascorbic acid content progressively decreased with decreasing OMW dilution. Exposure to both OMW dilutions resulted in overaccumulation of total polyphenols, which were negatively correlated to plant biomass and nutrients. Nutrient (Fe, Ca, and Mg) content was insufficient leading to reduced growth. Water use efficiency decreased mainly due to decreased CO2 assimilation rate rather than to a decline of transpiration rate. Disturbances in photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency could be better envisaged by the ratio between variable fluorescence and initial fluorescence (Fv/Fo), which showed much greater amplitude than the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm).Conclusions
From the data obtained, it is suggested that 1:20 OMW dilutions are still phytotoxic and that higher OMW dilutions should be used in order to use this waste for the irrigation of spinach plants. 相似文献144.
Survey of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and herbicides in Spanish source waters intended for bottling 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Bono-Blay F Guart A de la Fuente B Pedemonte M Pastor MC Borrell A Lacorte S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(8):3339-3349
Background, aim and scope
Groundwaters and source waters are exposed to environmental pollution due to agricultural and industrial activities that can enhance the leaching of organic contaminants. Pesticides are among the most widely studied compounds in groundwater, but little information is available on the presence of phthalates, alkylphenols and bisphenol A. These compounds are used in pesticide formulations and represent an emerging family of contaminants due to their widespread environmental presence and endocrine-disrupting properties. Knowledge on the occurrence of contaminants in source waters intended for bottling is important for sanitary and regulatory purposes. So the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of phthalates, alkylphenols, triazines, chloroacetamides and bisphenol A throughout 131 Spanish water sources intended for bottling. Waters studied were spring waters and boreholes which have a protection diameter to minimize environmental contamination.Materials and methods
Waters were solid-phase extracted (SPE) and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quality control analysis comprising recovery studies, blank analysis and limits of detection were performed.Results and discussion
Using SPE and GC-MS, the 21 target compounds were satisfactorily recovered (77?C124?%) and limits of quantification were between 0.0004 and 0.029???g/L for pesticides, while for alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates the limits of quantification were from 0.0018???g/L for octylphenol to 0.970???g/L for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Among the 21 compounds analysed, only 9 were detected at levels between 0.002 and 1.115???g/L. Compounds identified were triazine herbicides, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and two phthalates. Spring waters or shallow boreholes were the sites more vulnerable to contaminants. Eighty-five percent of the samples did not contain any of the target compounds.Conclusions
Target compounds were detected in a very low concentration and only in very few samples. This indicates the good quality of source waters intended for bottling and the effectiveness of the protection measures adopted in Spain. None of the samples analysed exceeded the maximum legislated levels for drinking water both in Spain and in the European Union. 相似文献145.
What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Several years ago Hidalgo and Hernandez reported a curvilinear, U-shaped, relationship between scale of place (apartment, neighborhood, city) and strength of attachment to the place. In this paper four studies are presented, carried out in four Central-European cities, that (1) confirmed the reported curvilinear relationship using five places (apartment, building, neighborhood, city district, city) in three out of four cities and for five items of the Place Attachment Scale, (2) revealed a consistent curvilinear, inverse U-shaped relationship between scale of place and percentage of variance of place attachment predicted by three groups of factors: physical (type of housing, size of building, upkeep and personalization of house precincts, etc.), social (neighborhood ties and sense of security in the residence place), and socio-demographic (age, education, gender, length of residence, family size), and (3) identified strength of direct and indirect effects of the three groups of predictors on attachment to the five types of places. The curvilinear relationship between place scale and place attachment was particularly strong in highly attractive cities and in those scale items that described people's emotional reactions to places whereas a linear relationship was obtained in the least attractive city and in the items that referred to sense of security, amount of control and knowledge of place. In all four cities the best predicted variable was attachment to middle ranges of the place scale (building and neighborhood). The overall best direct predictor of place attachment was neighborhood ties, followed by direct and indirect effects of length of residence, building size, and type of housing. In conclusion it is argued that the usual choice of predictors of place attachment is biased by researchers' interest in the middle scales of place (neighborhood) at the expense of other place scales. In the paper a claim is made that attachments to smaller (apartments, homes) and larger (city) scales of place along with their unique predictors deserve more attention from environmental psychologists. 相似文献
146.
A Generic Bio-Economic Farm Model for Environmental and Economic Assessment of Agricultural Systems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Janssen S Louhichi K Kanellopoulos A Zander P Flichman G Hengsdijk H Meuter E Andersen E Belhouchette H Blanco M Borkowski N Heckelei T Hecker M Li H Oude Lansink A Stokstad G Thorne P van Keulen H van Ittersum MK 《Environmental management》2010,46(6):862-877
Bio-economic farm models are tools to evaluate ex-post or to assess ex-ante the impact of policy and technology change on agriculture, economics and environment. Recently, various BEFMs have been developed, often for one purpose or location, but hardly any of these models are re-used later for other purposes or locations. The Farm System Simulator (FSSIM) provides a generic framework enabling the application of BEFMs under various situations and for different purposes (generating supply response functions and detailed regional or farm type assessments). FSSIM is set up as a component-based framework with components representing farmer objectives, risk, calibration, policies, current activities, alternative activities and different types of activities (e.g., annual and perennial cropping and livestock). The generic nature of FSSIM is evaluated using five criteria by examining its applications. FSSIM has been applied for different climate zones and soil types (criterion 1) and to a range of different farm types (criterion 2) with different specializations, intensities and sizes. In most applications FSSIM has been used to assess the effects of policy changes and in two applications to assess the impact of technological innovations (criterion 3). In the various applications, different data sources, level of detail (e.g., criterion 4) and model configurations have been used. FSSIM has been linked to an economic and several biophysical models (criterion 5). The model is available for applications to other conditions and research issues, and it is open to be further tested and to be extended with new components, indicators or linkages to other models. 相似文献
147.
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater in Queensland, Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lars Herngren Godwin A. Ayoko Maria M.M. Mostert 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(9):2848-2856
This paper reports the distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wash-off in urban stormwater in Gold Coast, Australia. Runoff samples collected from residential, industrial and commercial sites were separated into a dissolved fraction (<0.45 μm), and three particulate fractions (0.45-75 μm, 75-150 μm and >150 μm). Patterns in the distribution of PAHs in the fractions were investigated using Principal Component Analysis. Regardless of the land use and particle size fraction characteristics, the presence of organic carbon plays a dominant role in the distribution of PAHs. The PAHs concentrations were also found to decrease with rainfall duration. Generally, the 1- and 2-year average recurrence interval rainfall events were associated with the majority of the PAHs and the wash-off was a source limiting process. In the context of stormwater quality mitigation, targeting the initial part of the rainfall event is the most effective treatment strategy. The implications of the study results for urban stormwater quality management are also discussed. 相似文献
148.
Maria Sassine Laurence Burel Barbara D'Anna Christian George 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5468-5475
The kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction between gaseous HCHO and TiO2/SiO2 mineral coatings were investigated using a coated-wall flow tube to mimic HCHO loss on mineral aerosol and TiO2 coated depolluting urban surfaces. The measured uptake kinetics were strongly enhanced when the flow tube was irradiated with 340–420 nm UV light with an irradiance of 1.45 mW cm?2. The associated BET uptake coefficients ranged from (3.00 ± 0.45) × 10?9 to (2.26 ± 0.34) × 10?6 and were strongly dependent on HCHO initial concentration, relative humidity, temperature, and TiO2 content in the mineral coating, which ranged from 3.5 to 32.5 ppbv, 6–70%, 278–303 K, and 1–100 %wt, respectively. The measured kinetics were well described using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type formalism. The estimated uptake coefficients were used to discuss the importance of heterogeneous HCHO surface loss, in terms of deposition lifetimes, as compared to major homogeneous gas-phase losses such as OH reaction and photolysis. It is found that deposition may compete with gas-phase removal of HCHO in a dense urban environment if more than 10% of the urban surface is covered with TiO2 treated material. 相似文献
149.
Marcelo Felix Alonso Karla Maria Longo Saulo R. Freitas Rafael Mello da Fonseca Virginie Marécal Michel Pirre Laura Gallardo Klenner 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(39):5072-5083
This work describes the development of an urban vehicle emissions inventory for South America, based on the analysis and aggregation of available inventories for major cities, with emphasis on its application in regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. Due to the limited number of available local inventories, urban emissions were extrapolated based on the correlation between city vehicle density and mobile source emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Emissions were geographically distributed using a methodology that delimits urban areas using high spatial resolution remote sensing products. This numerical algorithm enabled a more precise representation of urban centers. The derived regional inventory was evaluated by analyzing the performance of a chemical weather forecast model in relation to observations of CO, NOx and O3 in two different urban areas, São Paulo and Belo Horizonte. The gas mixing ratios simulated using the proposed regional inventory show good agreement with observations, consistently representing their hourly and daily variability. These results show that the integration of municipal inventories in a regional emissions map and their precise distribution in fine scale resolutions are important tools in regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. 相似文献
150.
Miglena Zhiyanski Maria Sokolovska Alexandros Clouvas Viktor Badulin 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(10):864-868
This study focuses on the cesium-137 (137Cs) contamination in grass and in different compartments of oak trees growing in ecosystems, located in the zone with sub-mediterranean climate in South Bulgaria, characterized with high summer temperatures, low precipitation and often periods of drought. In 2008, three experimental sites - PP1, PP2, PP3 - were sampled in oak ecosystems from Maleshevska Mountain at 900 m above sea level. Samples from grass species and oak tree leaves, branches with different diameter, wood disks and bark were analyzed for 137Cs activity with γ-spectrometry. The soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) values for 137Cs were estimated differentiating different tree compartments. Our findings showed relatively high activity concentrations of 137Cs in oak trees even 22 years after the Chernobyl accident. The grass under oak was less contaminated compared with the oak trees. The different organs of oak trees could be distinguished according to the 137Cs contamination as follows: bark > branches (d < 1 cm) > leaves > branches (d > 3 cm) > wood. The relatively higher contamination of bark compared with the new-formed biomass suggested that a significant part of 137Cs was accumulated as a result of direct adsorption at the time of the main contamination event. The TF values obtained and the presence of 137Cs in the branches, leaves and in the wood formed after 1986 confirmed that 22 years after the contamination, the main mechanism of 137Cs entrance in tree biomass was the root uptake. 相似文献