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Lessons in Ecosystem Management from Management of Threatened and Pest Loranthaceous Mistletoes in New Zealand and Australia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Loranthaceous mistletoes are interesting because of their complex dependence on suitable host trees and avian dispersers and because of their patchy distribution at the landscape level. Although their over- and under-abundance in Australia and New Zealand have been widely documented, little attention has been given to the need for an ecosystem approach to their management. Although the current status of mistletoes is very different in Australia and New Zealand, some of the causal factors and the long-term effects of changes in mistletoe abundance are similar in the two countries. We suggest that mistletoe abundance in pre-European landscapes was dependent on a series of evolutionary and environmental filters relating to host specificity, pollination, dispersal, infection, environmental habitat quality, predation, and disturbance. European settlement modified these filters in a number of ways, resulting in either increases or decreases in mistletoe abundance. The three broad groups of changes that have occurred with European settlement involve fragmentation, predation, and altered disturbance regimes. Although managers have usually addressed mistletoe over- or under-abundance with short-term solutions (e.g., pruning infected trees), we suggest that management must address the underlying causes of the problems involving mistletoes. This requires an ecosystem approach to management that addresses both the direct and indirect causes of the current status of mistletoes. 相似文献
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Dennis Trolle Bob Spigel David P. Hamilton Ned Norton Donna Sutherland David Plew Mathew G. Allan 《Environmental management》2014,54(3):479-493
While expansion of agricultural land area and intensification of agricultural practices through irrigation and fertilizer use can bring many benefits to communities, intensifying land use also causes more contaminants, such as nutrients and pesticides, to enter rivers, lakes, and groundwater. For lakes such as Benmore in the Waitaki catchment, South Island, New Zealand, an area which is currently undergoing agricultural intensification, this could potentially lead to marked degradation of water clarity as well as effects on ecological, recreational, commercial, and tourism values. We undertook a modeling study to demonstrate science-based options for consideration of agricultural intensification in the catchment of Lake Benmore. Based on model simulations of a range of potential future nutrient loadings, it is clear that different areas within Lake Benmore may respond differently to increased nutrient loadings. A western arm (Ahuriri) could be most severely affected by land-use changes and associated increases in nutrient loadings. Lake-wide annual averages of an eutrophication indicator, the trophic level index (TLI) were derived from simulated chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations. Results suggest that the lake will shift from oligotrophic (TLI = 2–3) to eutrophic (TLI = 4–5) as external loadings are increased eightfold over current baseline loads, corresponding to the potential land-use intensification in the catchment. This study provides a basis for use of model results in a decision-making process by outlining the environmental consequences of a series of land-use management options, and quantifying nutrient load limits needed to achieve defined trophic state objectives. 相似文献
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In order to balance pressures for land-use development with protection of wetland resources, artificial wetlands have been
constructed in an effort to replace lost ecosystems. Despite its regulatory appeal and prominent role in current mitigation
strategies, it is unclear whether or not created systems actually compensate for lost wetland resources. Mitigation predictions
that rely on artificial wetlands must be analyzed critically in terms of their efficacy. Destruction of wetlands due to burial
by coal fly ash at a municipal landfill in Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, provided an opportunity to compare resulting growth
of created cattail (Typha) marshes with natural wetland areas. Once the appropriate cattail species was identified for growth under disturbed landfill
conditions, two types of artificial wetlands were constructed. The two systems differed in their hydrologic attributes: while
one had a surface water flow characteristic of most cattail wetlands, the second system mimicked soil and water conditions
found in naturally occurring floating cattail marshes. Comparison of plant growth measurements for two years from the artificial
systems with published values for natural cattail marshes revealed similar structure and growth patterns. Experiments are
now in progress to investigate the ability of created cattail marshes to remove and accumulate heavy metals from polluted
landfill leachate. Research of the type reported here must be pursued aggressively in order to document the performance of
artificial wetlands in terms of plant structure and wetland functions. Such research should allow us to start to evaluate
whether artificial systems actually compensate for lost wetlands by performing similar functions and providing the concomitant
public benefits. 相似文献
68.
Liverpool Bay supports a productive commercial fishery yet at the same time is also used as a site for the disposal of waste by dumping, as well as receiving discharge of effluent from pipelines, rivers and estuaries. This paper summarizes the results of the monitoring programme of fish and shellfish quality in Liverpool Bay carried out in recent years including two special surveys conducted in and around the sewage sludge dumping site in 1980 and 1981. The concentrations of trace metals are discussed in relation to inputs into the bay. Mercury concentrations in fish appear to vary with the two major imputs (sewage sludge dumping and industrial discharges). There is no evidence of widespread elevated concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper in fish and shellfish from the bay but there is some evidence of local contamination by these metals. None of the elevated concentrations of metals found appear to be significant from a public health viewpoint. 相似文献
69.
Bryan G. Norton 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):387-405
Critics of my book, Sustainability, have raised many objections which are addressed. In general, I emphasize that the book is an integrative work; it must be
long and complex beause it attempts a comprehensive treatment of problems of communication, of evaluation, and of management
action in environmental discourse. I explain that I depend upon the pragmatists and on work in the pragmatics of language
because the current language of environmental policy discourse is inadequate to allow deliberative processes that can reach
consensus and cooperative actions. I revise my account of risk analysis somewhat, and defend my broad approach to the concept
of sustainability. Finally, I discuss applications of my book to the current situation in environmental policy discourse. 相似文献
70.
Hydrogen and fuel cells are not yet part of what average European school children learn in school. Available textbooks rarely include references to the role of hydrogen technologies in the development of a secure and sustainable energy future. In the present paper, main activities in the field of hydrogen and fuel cell education in Europe are reviewed. An action program is outlined with the aim to facilitate an accelerated uptake of the awareness of first customers and first workforce of the role of hydrogen and fuel cells in future energy and transport systems. 相似文献