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241.
Benincá C Ramsdorf W Vicari T de Oliveira Ribeiro CA de Almeida MI Silva de Assis HC Cestari MM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2045-2056
Biological monitoring through animals exposed to pollutants using biomarkers provides a promising tool for the identification
of pollutants that may cause damage to human health and/or to sustainability of ecosystems. The effects of pollutants in fish
tissues are important tools to understand the impact of human activities in natural ecosystems. The aim of this work was to
study the water quality of two estuarine lakes in Santa Catarina, Brazil (Camacho Lake and Santa Marta Lake). Geophagus brasiliensis is a species widely distributed in Brazil and was used in this work. Comet assays in peripheral red blood and kidney cells,
micronucleus tests in peripheral red blood cells, measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity in axial muscle and histopathological
analysis of liver were used as biomarkers. Three sampling campaigns were undertaken in November 2004, June 2005 and November
2005. Thirty adult animals were sampled from each of three different sites (P1—Santa Marta Lake, P2 and P3—Camacho Lake).
A negative control was sampled in a non-polluted site at Costa Ecological Park, Paraná. The positive control for genotoxicity
was obtained by treating animals with copper sulphate. The results showed that both studied lakes are impacted by potential
genotoxic substances. Severe lesions in liver of G. brasiliensis were also observed. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity suggests the presence of pesticides or metals in the
studied sites. This work shows that the water quality of Santa Marta and Camacho Lakes have been compromised and further control
source of pollutants into these ecosystems is required. 相似文献
242.
Concentration of low-weight carboxylic acids (LWCA) is one of the important parameters that should be taken into consideration when compost is applied as soil improver for plant cultivation, because high amounts of LWCA can be toxic to plants. The present work describes a method for analysis of LWCA in compost as a useful tool for monitoring compost quality and safety. The method was tested on compost samples of two different ages: 3 (immature) and 6 (mature) months old. Acids from compost samples were extracted at high pH, filtered, and freeze-dried. The dried sodium salts were derivatized with a sulfuric acid-methanol mixture and concentrations of 11 low-weight fatty acids (C1-C10) were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography. The material was analyzed with two analytical techniques: the external calibration method (tested on 11 LWCA) and the standard addition method (tested only on formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and iso-butyric acids). The two techniques were compared for efficiency of acids quantification. The method allowed good separation and quantification of a wide range of individual acids with high sensitivity at low concentrations. Detection limit for propionic, butyric, caproic, caprylic, and capric acids was 1 mg kg(-1) compost; for formic, acetic, valeric, enanthoic and pelargonic acids it was 5 mg kg(-1) compost; and for iso-butyric acid it was 10 mg kg(-1) compost. Recovery rates of LWCA were higher in 3-mo-old compost (57-99%) than in 6-mo-old compost (29-45%). In comparison with the external calibration technique the standard addition technique proved to be three to four times more precise for older compost and two times for younger compost. Disadvantages of the standard addition technique are that it is more time demanding and laborious. 相似文献
243.
Popovic D Todorovic D Frontasyeva M Ajtic J Tasic M Rajsic S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(6):509-520
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The paper presents the complex approach to the assessment of the state of the environment in Southern Serbia, surroundings of Bujanovac, the region which is of great concern as being exposed to contamination by depleted uranium (DU) ammunition during the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) attacks in 1999. It includes studies on concentrations of radionuclides and heavy metals in different environmental samples 5 years after the military actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In October 2004, samples of soil, grass, lichen, moss, honey, and water were collected at two sites, in the immediate vicinity of the targeted area and 5 km away from it. Radionuclide ((7)Be, (40)K, (137)Cs, (210)Pb, (226)Ra, (232)Th, (235)U, (238)U) activities in solid samples were determined by standard gamma spectrometry and total alpha and beta activity in water was determined by proportional alpha-beta counting. Concentrations of 35 elements were determined in the samples of soil, moss, grass, and lichen by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). RESULTS: The results are discussed in the context of a possible contamination by DU that reached the environment during the attacks as well as in the context of an environmental pollution by radionuclides and heavy metals in Southern Serbia. The results are compared to the state of environment in the region and other parts of the country both prior to and following the attacks. DISCUSSION: This is the first comprehensive study of the contents of radionuclides and heavy metals in Southern Serbia and consequently highly important for the assessment of the state of environment in this part of the country concerning possible effects of DU ammunition on the environment, as well as anthropogenic source of pollution by radionuclides and heavy metals and other elements. Also, the highly sensitive method of INAA was used for the first time to analyze the environmental samples from this area. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study of radionuclides in the samples of soils, leaves, grass, moss, lichen, honey, and water in Southern Serbia (Bujanovac) gave no evidence of the DU contamination of the environment 5 years after the military actions in 1999. Activities of radionuclides in soils were within the range of the values obtained in the other parts of the country and within the global average. The ratio of uranium isotopes confirmed the natural origin of uranium. In general, concentrations of heavy metals in the samples of soils, plant leaves, mosses, and lichen are found to be less or in the lower range of values found in other parts of the country, in spite of the differences in plant and moss species or soil characteristics. Possible sources of heavy metal contamination were identified as a power coal plant in the vicinity of the sampling sites and wood and waste burning processes. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The collected data should provide a base for the health risk assessments on animals and humans in the near future. It should be emphasized that the sampling was carried out 5 years after the military action and that the number of samples was limited; therefore, the conclusions should be accepted only as observed tendencies and a detailed study should be recommended in the future. 相似文献
244.
Sediment Quality Assessment in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) Using Complementary Lines of Evidence
Roberta Bettinetti Silvana Galassi Jerzy Falandysz Marina Camusso Davide A. L. Vignati 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1313-1320
Sediments from Polish coastal environments were classified by a quality assessment approach that took into account trace metal
and organic micropollutant concentrations, grain-size distribution, and organic carbon content. Generally, no benthic organisms
were found at sites where sediments were classified as heavily polluted. However, areas characterized by a moderate contamination
showed a variable composition of the benthic community and changing bioaccumulation patterns; therefore, no single species
found in the Gulf of Gdańsk could be considered representative of the whole benthic environment. Although sediment monitoring
must be considered a suitable tool to detect hot-spot pollution areas in coastal and inland waters, it should be complemented
by bioaccumulation measurements to evaluate the actual risk posed by contaminants to benthic organisms. This “biological information”
allows a better appreciation of the real benthic infaunal community exposure to chemicals and can usefully complement the
existing sediment quality guidelines. 相似文献
245.
Pierce GJ Santos MB Murphy S Learmonth JA Zuur AF Rogan E Bustamante P Caurant F Lahaye V Ridoux V Zegers BN Mets A Addink M Smeenk C Jauniaux T Law RJ Dabin W López A Alonso Farré JM González AF Guerra A García-Hartmann M Reid RJ Moffat CF Lockyer C Boon JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(2):401-415
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blubber of female common dolphins and harbour porpoises from the Atlantic coast of Europe were frequently above the threshold at which effects on reproduction could be expected, in 40% and 47% of cases respectively. This rose to 74% for porpoises from the southern North Sea. PCB concentrations were also high in southern North Sea fish. The average pregnancy rate recorded in porpoises (42%) in the study area was lower than in the western Atlantic but that in common dolphins (25%) was similar to that of the western Atlantic population. Porpoises that died from disease or parasitic infection had higher concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) than animals dying from other causes. Few of the common dolphins sampled had died from disease or parasitic infection. POP profiles in common dolphin blubber were related to individual feeding history while those in porpoises were more strongly related to condition. 相似文献
246.
Marina Isidori Alfredo Parrella Paola Pistillo Fabio Temussi 《Environment international》2009,35(5):821-825
This study was designed to assess the overall ecotoxicity of ranitidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. Hence, in addition to ranitidine, its main two photoderivatives, obtained by solar simulator irradiation in water, were investigated. The photoproducts were identified by their physical features. Bioassays were performed on rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. The results showed that ranitidine did not show any acute toxicity at the highest concentration tested (100 mg/L) for all the organisms utilized in the bioassays. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on rotifers and crustaceans. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were especially found for one photoproduct suggesting that transformation products, as frequently demonstrated, may show effects higher than the respective parental compound. 相似文献
247.
Typical sources of extremely low frequency magnetic fields include components of the power network and, as an extension, AC
railway powering. The majority of these sources have longitudinal shapes. There is sometimes the need to reduce these fields
in specific areas of interest. In this article, practical aspects are studied of shielding design when this type of source
is involved. The focus is on design features not often treated in the shielding literature. One aspect relates to the differences
between 2D and 3D simulations and experimental validation for a relatively long system of conductor and shield; as an example,
the screening of the magnetic field of a railway system is presented. Another aspect relates to issues that arise when edge
effects become relevant for actual systems. It is established that shielding factors are considerably improved when shielding
of the edges is properly taken into account. The presence of gaps or loose contacts that are often responsible for low shielding
efficiency is also studied. Experimental tests show that overlapping shields or the use of conductive patches significantly
improves shielding efficiency. A last aspect is related to cost-effectiveness of shielding designs; in this case, numerical
computations are used for benchmarking shielding properties for long busbars in secondary substations. 相似文献
248.
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Organoselenium chemistry involves unique methods for the preparation of reaction intermediates and biologically relevant compounds. However, common methods... 相似文献
249.
250.
Sven R. Laming Sébastien Duperron Marina R. Cunha Sylvie M. Gaudron 《Marine Biology》2014,161(6):1319-1333
The Bathymodiolinae are pervasive in reducing environments in the deep sea, yet data on post-larval and juvenile development and on the process of symbiont acquisition remain elusive. To understand how these opportunistic metazoans survive in ephemeral reducing habitats, individuals of the small bathymodiolin, Idas modiolaeformis, were examined histologically to trace their reproductive development, and with fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy to identify patterns of infection by their environmentally acquired bacterial symbionts. A size series of these mussels was retrieved from larval colonisation devices containing vegetative substrates, deployed for 51 weeks (November 2006–2007) in the central ‘Pockmarks’ region (site 2A) of the Nile deep-sea fan in the eastern Mediterranean (NDSF), a zone where methane seepage can occur (N 32° 31.97, E 30° 21.18, 1,693 m deep). Developmental patterns of germ cell migration, size at first maturity, and symbiont acquisition and localisation are presented for the post-larva to adult transition. The smallest mature adult was a male with shell length (SL) 2.35 mm. All larger individuals in the series were male (maximum SL 6.54 mm). Based on the absence of bacterial signals, plantigrades were asymbiotic, indicating strict heterotrophy in larvae and early post-larvae. During the early stages of dissoconch deposition, extracellular symbiont infection was non-specific. This was followed by increasing specificity on non-ciliated gill epithelia in adults. These observations on early development in I. modiolaeformis represent evolutionary adaptations to their ephemeral, reducing habitats. 相似文献