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441.
Diet induced differences in carbon isotope fractionation between sirenians and terrestrial ungulates
Carbon isotope differences (Δ13C) between bioapatite and diet, collagen and diet, and bioapatite and collagen were calculated for four species of sirenians,
Dugong dugon (Müller), Trichechus manatus (Linnaeus), Trichechus inunguis (Natterer), and the extinct Hydrodamalis gigas (Zimmerman). Bone and tooth samples were taken from archived materials collected from populations during the mid eighteenth
century (H. gigas), between 1978 and 1984 (T. manatus, T. inunguis), and between 1997 and 1999 (D. dugon). Mean Δ13C values were compared with those for terrestrial ungulates, carnivores, and six species of carnivorous marine mammals (cetaceans = 1;
pinnipeds = 4; mustelids = 1). Significant differences in mean δ13C values among species for all tissue types were detected that separated species or populations foraging on freshwater plants
or attached marine macroalgae (δ13C values < −6‰; Δ13Cbioapatite–diet ∼14‰) from those feeding on marine seagrasses (δ13C values > −4‰; Δ13Cbioapatite–diet ∼11‰). Likewise, Δ13Cbioapatite–collagen values for freshwater and algal-foraging species (∼7‰) were greater than those for seagrass-foraging species (∼5‰). Variation
in Δ13C values calculated between tissues and between tissues and diet among species may relate to the nutritional composition of
a species’ diet and the extent and type of microbial fermentation that occurs during digestion of different types of plants.
These results highlight the complications that can arise when making dietary interpretations without having first determined
species-specific Δ13Ctissue–diet values.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
442.
Jonathan Mark Wilson Alexandre Leitão Ana Filipa Gonçalves Catarina Ferreira Patrick Reis-Santos Ana-Violeta Fonseca Joana Moreira da Silva José Carlos Antunes Cristina Pereira-Wilson João Coimbra 《Marine Biology》2007,151(5):1633-1645
The Anguillid juvenile glass eel must deal with the osmoregulatory consequences of highly variable environmental salinities
on its recruitment migration from coastal to fresh waters. Changes in ionoregulatory parameters and branchial ion transport
protein [Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+:K+:2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) anion channel, V-type proton ATPase] expression (activities,
protein and/or mRNA level expression and/or cellular localization) in response to acclimation to a broad range of ionic strengths
[distilled water (DW) to hypersaline water (HSW; 150%) sea water (SW 32‰)] was studied. The estuarine glass eels were very
euryhaline and successfully acclimated to acute changes in environmental ionic strength from 50% SW, with high mortality only
observed in HSW (51%) and sublethal osmoregulatory indicators (whole body water content and sodium levels) disturbed at the
extremes (DW and HSW). Central to a high salinity acclimation were elevated branchial Na+/K+-ATPase, NKCC and CFTR expression. At lower salinity, Na+/K+-ATPase expression was maintained and NKCC and CFTR expressions were reduced. Branchial chloride cells increased in size up
to SW but decreased in HSW. During hypotonic disturbance (DW), no compensatory elevation in V-ATPase or Na+/K+-ATPase expression was observed. 相似文献
443.
ROH Mark S DE BENEDETTI Laura JOUNG Young Hee LEE Nam Sook 《应用与环境生物学报》2007,13(2):145-151
Germplasm collection is important to preserve and maximize genetic diversity for germplasm conservation. Tsuga dumosa ( D. Don) Eichler in Engler & Prantl. and T. chinensis var. forrestii (Downie) Silba germplasm was collected from three localities in China: Mt. Yulong, Wenfeng Temple and Mt. Dishiergu, Yunnan Province. Accessions were identified based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. The shapes of the apices and margins of needles were examined, and the length and width of needles, cones and seeds from accessions of mature plants were used to compare the morphological differences and to identify the germplasm. Molecular markers generated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also used to characterize the taxa. Although the clustering based on RAPD markers was inconsistent with the morphological characters of the needles, based on the overall morphological characters and on RAPD markers, the accessions from Mt. Yulong and Wenfeng Temple were identified as T. chinertsis var. forrestii, and those from Mt. Dishiergu identified as T. dumosa. Taxonomic identification of the accessions was made based on morphology and by RAPD markers concurred. The results indicate that the shapes of the apices and margins of needles particularly from young plants could not be used as a possible key to identify T. dumosa and T. chinertsis var. forrestii. Fig 6, Tab 3, Ref24 相似文献
444.
Contests often occur between members of the same sex when they compete for access to mates, but inter-sexual contests may
occur over access to other essential resources such as food or shelter. Despite the possibility that such contests are common,
most studies focus on male fighting, and very few have analysed fights between males and females. Because males and females
differ physically and physiologically, fighting ability or resource-holding potential (RHP) may also be subject to inter-sexual
variation. In this study, we investigate size-controlled inter-sexual contests over the ownership of empty gastropod shells
in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. During these fights, there are two roles, attacker and defender, and we use a fully orthogonal experimental design to compare
the performance of males and females in each role, when fighting either a male or female opponent. Although females fight
more intensely, male attackers have an advantage when compared to females playing the attacker role, as they are more likely
to evict the defender from its shell and thus win the resource. Further, in the defender role, male defenders are subject
to shorter attacks than female defenders. The differences in agonistic performance could not be attributed to differences
in perceived resource value between the sexes or to differences in body or weapon size. There are clear differences in the
agonistic behaviour of males and females, and this possibility should be incorporated into models of contest behaviour. In
particular, evolutionarily stable strategies may be expected to vary with sex ratios. 相似文献
445.
We used a replicated sampling program to examine the use of roadside corridors as habitat by native mammals. Our procedure compared the abundance and diversity of mammals in remnant forest, pasture, and two types of roadside corridor. Fixed transects were established in these four habitat types at six replicate sites. Spotlight, live-trap, and daytime observation surveys were used as census techniques. Few mammals were detected in pasture, and spotlighting revealed a higher total density of mammals in corridors than in forests, indicating corridors provide important habitat. Nevertheless, the number of species using corridors distant to forest was less than that in the corridors close to forest and the forest patches. Different species did not utilize corridors in the same way. We also found intraspecific differences in habitat use by one species of small mammal (Antechinus stuartii), which may have implications for the value of corridors to this species. Specifically, there was a higher proportion of males, and individuals of both sexes had lower body weight in corridors than in forests. Our study demonstrates that corridors can provide useful habitat for mammalian assemblages, but may not provide a complete solution to the problem of landscape fragmentation. 相似文献
446.
The role of turbidity as a constraint on predator-prey interactions in aquatic environments 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Many of the world's most productive aquatic ecosystems usually contain turbid water. Paradoxically, many fish species that
live in these habitats are also those that often rely on vision to detect their predators and their prey. For these fish,
turbidity will reduce the distance at which predator-prey interactions occur, and there should be a reduction in the opportunity
for behavioural modification to control the risk of predation. Under these conditions, we predict that most antipredator behaviour
will become ineffective and that predator-prey interactions in turbid water will be primarily characterised by the direct
effects of predator consumption of prey, rather than behavioural modification reducing the growth rates of prey. This hypothesis
was tested in two laboratory experiments. The first experiment investigated how water turbidity, risk of predation, and their
interaction affect habitat choice decisions by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). These data demonstrate that fathead minnows reduce their use of dangerous habitats, but that this effect is diminished
in turbid water. A second experiment examined mortality patterns when these fish were preyed upon by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in clear and turbid water. Absolute mortality rates were unaffected by visibility, but patterns of mortality were random
in turbid water and skewed towards smaller individuals in clear water. Combined, these results support our hypothesis and
suggest that the impact of predation risk will be reduced in turbid aquatic ecosystems.
Received: 23 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 18 November 1996 相似文献
447.
Waterbird Communities and Habitat Relationships in Coastal Pastures of Northern California 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We examined waterbird assemblages (diversity, composition, and species' densities) in 20 pastures near Humboldt Bay, California, in relation to habitat characteristics (vegetation height, soil penetrability, water depth), abundance of invertebrates (worms and other invertebrates), and presence of livestock. From October 1991 to May 1992 we observed 29 species and 10,776 birds, most (78%) of which foraged. Nonrandom pasture use by birds resulted in a highly clumped spatial distribution (s2 :{ovbar>x} ratio = 42.1). Habitat characteristics of pastures correlated with this nonrandom pattern: waterbird diversity and densities of three sandpiper species and one gull species correlated negatively ( r = −0.61 and r = −0.44 to −0.67, respectively) with vegetation height; densities of two plover species correlated negatively ( r = −0.39 and −0.45) with soil penetrability; and waterfowl densities correlated positively with water depth ( r = 0.97). Species composition varied among pastures. Wading birds used pastures with tall vegetation, shorebirds and gulls frequented short-grass pastures, and waterfowl used flooded pastures of waterbirds and their densities increased in association with livestock.In coastal areas where much intertidal habitat has been reclaimed as postureland, pastures offered valuable habitats to nonbreeding waterbirds. We suggest that grazing in coastal pastures can be used to provide a mosaic of vegetation heights, which would yield greater waterbird diversity as well as higher densities of some species. 相似文献
448.
液相/质谱(LC/MS)技术用于有机磷农药分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
液质联用技术的飞速发展 ,业已成为在各种基质中微量极性农药的常规检测方法 .与现有的分析方法相比 ,如气质联用技术和液相 紫外检测技术 ,液质联用技术简化了样品净化过程 ,最终缩短了样品分析和方法开发的时间周期 (ElbertHogendoornandPeitvanZoonen、JournalofChromatographyA ,2 0 0 0 ,892∶3 5— 45 3 ) .由于现有的气相分析方法需要汽化而使某些热不稳定性农药在进样过程中产生热分解 ,从而降低了分析结果的质量 ,然而带有电喷雾离子源的液质联用技术可以直接分析此类化… 相似文献
449.
Mark R. Forbes Dean G. McCurdy Keiko Lui Selma I. Mautner J. Sherman Boates 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(1):87-95
Potential rates of reproduction (PRR) differ between the sexes of many animal species. Adult sex ratios together with PRR
are expected to determine the operational sex ratio (OSR) defined as the ratio of fertilizable females to sexually active
males at any given time. OSR is expected to determine the degree to which one sex competes for another—the limiting sex. We
explored the potential for mate limitation in an intertidal amphipod, Corophium volutator (Pallas). Males have higher PRR than females, but males may be limiting because of extreme female-biased sex ratios observed
in this species. Consistent with this idea, late season females were less likely to be ovigerous and had smaller size-specific
clutches, both of which were associated with seasonal declines in availability of males of reproductive size. Seasonal changes
in ovigery could not be explained by seasonal changes across sites in other factors (e.g., female body size or phenology of
breeding). Smaller females were less likely to become ovigerous later in the season at three of four sites. Seasonal reductions
in clutch size also occurred among small females expected to be reproducing for their first time. In complimentary laboratory
experiments, reduced likelihood of ovigery and reduced fecundity occurred when the number of receptive females was increased
relative to availability of a reproductively active male. Our results suggest male mate limitation can occur seasonally in
this species and that male limitation is regionally widespread and may affect recruitment. 相似文献
450.
In order to assess the amount and distribution of lead pollution in soils adjacent to a major interstate highway serving the city of Tampa, Florida, a total of 224 samples were collected from 32 transects perpendicular to the roadway. The lead content was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The highest levels of lead were found at distances of 81, 243, and 729 cm from the road. The results show that there is a weak negative correlation between soil lead and the distance from the roadside, as well as with traffic density. The weakness of the relationship is a result of confounding variables such as turbulence and other microclimatic factors, downslope movement of soils overtime, and human action such as construction and highway landscaping. Nevertheless, over one-third of the samples collected in the study area contain more than 500 g g–1 lead, levels considered to be hazardous by the United States Centers for Disease Control and the Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献