全文获取类型
收费全文 | 365篇 |
免费 | 5篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 9篇 |
废物处理 | 8篇 |
环保管理 | 43篇 |
综合类 | 59篇 |
基础理论 | 90篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 130篇 |
评价与监测 | 14篇 |
社会与环境 | 19篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 1篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 13篇 |
2017年 | 7篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 19篇 |
2014年 | 23篇 |
2013年 | 20篇 |
2012年 | 28篇 |
2011年 | 25篇 |
2010年 | 14篇 |
2009年 | 21篇 |
2008年 | 25篇 |
2007年 | 27篇 |
2006年 | 17篇 |
2005年 | 13篇 |
2004年 | 16篇 |
2003年 | 8篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 3篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 2篇 |
1956年 | 1篇 |
1953年 | 1篇 |
1933年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有373条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
361.
SUMMARY Sustainable development is a global challenge to science and society. In politics and economics the concepts for establishing a sustainable society are numerous, nonetheless necessary interdisciplinary approaches are still marginalised. Trying to foster a deeper communication between biology and social science, an evolutionary perspective on sustainable development is offered. Subsequently, the role of variability and diversity in evolution is highlighted. Hereby, special attention is devoted, among other things, to the links between variability and stability in the long term. Next, selection and variability are emphasised in the cultural context. This is followed by general implications for sustainability. In contrast to strategies aiming at short-term optimisation and economic efficiency, we argue that the conditions and circumstances maintaining variability and momentary sub-optimal alternatives are highly relevant for a socio-economic system that is heading for sustainable development. 相似文献
362.
Susanne Foitzik Ilka Maria Kureck Markus Hannes Rüger Dirk Metzler 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(10):1641-1654
The ant Hypoponera opacior exhibits alternative reproductive morphs of males and females associated with distinct sexual behaviours. Our long-term study
reports strong seasonality in sexual production with a mating season in early and one in late summer. Winged (alate) reproductives
emerge in June, swarm during the monsoon season and establish new colonies independently. In contrast, wingless worker-like
(ergatoid) reproductives that appear in late August mate within their natal or adjacent nests and either do not disperse or
establish new nests close by. These divergent dispersal patterns allowed us to analyse the impact of local factors on investment
strategies by comparing sex allocation between and within the two reproductive events. The optimal sex ratio for ergatoid
reproductives should be influenced both by competition for matings between brothers (local mate competition) and rivalry among
young locally dispersing queens for workers, nest sites or food (local resource competition). The greater importance of local
resource competition was demonstrated both by a male-biased sex ratio for wingless sexuals and a stronger increase in the
number of males with total sexual production than for the number of queens. Microsatellite analysis revealed that inter-nest
variation in relatedness asymmetry cannot explain split sex ratios in the August generation. Instead, nests with related ergatoid
males raised a male-biased sex ratio contrary to the expectations under local mate competition. In conclusion, male bias in
wingless H. opacior indicates that local mate competition is less strong than local resource competition among ergatoid queens over the help
of workers during nest foundation. 相似文献
363.
364.
Wybraniec S Schwartz L Wiesman Z Markus A Wolf D 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2002,37(3):235-245
The release characteristics of encapsulated formulations containing a combination of plant growth factors (PGF)--plant hormones (IBA, paclobutrazol), nutrients (fertilizers, microelements), and fungicide (prochloraz)--were studied. The formulations were prepared by encapsulating the active ingredients in a polyethylene matrix and, in some cases, subsequently coating the product with polyurethane. Dissolution experiments were carried out with both coated and non-coated formulations to determine the sustained release patterns of the active ingredients. The PGF controlled-release systems obtained have been shown to promote development of root systems, vegetative growth, and reproductive development in cuttings, potted plants, or garden plants of various plant species. These beneficial effects are attributable to the lasting and balanced PGF availability provided by these systems. 相似文献
365.
Incorporating soil structure and root distribution into plant uptake models for radionuclides: toward a more physically based transfer model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Albrecht A Schultze U Liedgens M Flühler H Frossard E 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2002,59(3):329-350
Most biosphere and contamination assessment models are based on uniform soil conditions, since single coefficients are used to describe the transfer of contaminants to the plant. Indeed, physical and chemical characteristics and root distribution are highly variable in the soil profile. These parameters have to be considered in the formulation of a more realistic soil-plant transfer model for naturally structured soils. The impact of monolith soil structure (repacked and structured) on Zn and Mn uptake by wheat was studied in a controlled tracer application (dye and radioactive) experiment. We used Brilliant Blue and Sulforhodamine B to dye flow lines and 65Zn and 54Mn to trace soil distribution and plant uptake of surface-applied particle-reactive contaminants. Spatial variation of the soil water content during irrigation and plant growth informs indirectly about tracer and root location in the soil profile. In the structured monolith, a till pan at a depth of 30 cm limited vertical water flow and root penetration into deeper soil layers and restricted tracers to the upper third of the monolith. In the repacked monolith, roots were observed at all depths and fingering flow allowed for the fast appearance of all tracers in the outflow. These differences between the two monoliths are reflected by significantly higher 54Mn and 65Zn uptake in wheat grown on the structured monolith. The higher uptake of Mn can be modelled on the basis of radionuclide and root distribution as a function of depth and using a combination of preferential flow and rooting. The considerably higher uptake of Zn requires transfer factors which account for variable biochemical uptake as a function of location. 相似文献
366.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献
367.
Germany seems to be one of the leading nations in solid waste management, especially in the case of packaging waste; success
stories about the ongoing increase in recycling strengthen this impression. However, enormous costs and questionable ecological
benefits are the result of Germany's packaging ordinance and the formation of the recycling organization Duales System Deutschland
(DSD). This article shows that similar progress in the reduction and recycling of packaging could have been realized without
the packaging ordinance and dual system, with lower costs. This regulatory impact analysis of the German packaging ordinance
covers all the effects on the different life-cycle stages of packaging, from production to recycling or disposal. The conclusion
is that a fragmentary solid waste management approach – one that is based, like the German packaging ordinance, more on ideology
than on facts – leads to enormous costs and questionable ecological benefits. To improve this situation, there is a need for
an integrated solid waste management approach, based on evaluation of the economic, environmental, and social effects of different
waste management options for the materials involved.
Received: February 4, 1999 / Accepted: April 30, 1999 相似文献
368.
Dina Cīrule Tatjana Krama Ronalds Krams Didzis Elferts Ants Kaasik Markus J. Rantala Pranas Mierauskas Severi Luoto Indrikis A. Krams 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2017,104(11-12):99
Animals normally respond to stressful environmental stimuli by releasing glucocorticoid hormones. We investigated whether baseline corticosterone (CORT), handling-induced corticosterone concentration(s), and body condition indices of members of willow tit (Poecile montanus) groups differed while wintering in old growth forests and managed young forests in mild weather conditions and during cold spells. Willow tits spend the winter season in non-kin groups in which dominant individuals typically claim their priority to access resources, while subordinate individuals may experience greater levels of stress and higher mortality, especially during cold spells. We captured birds to measure baseline CORT and levels of handling-induced CORT secretion after 20 min of capture. Willow tits in the young forests had higher baseline CORT and a smaller increase in CORT in response to capture than individuals in the old forests. Baseline CORT was higher in females and juvenile birds compared to adult males, whereas handling-induced CORT secretion did not differ between birds of different ages. During cold spells, baseline CORT of willow tits increased and handling-induced CORT secretion decreased, especially in birds in young forests. Willow tits’ survival was higher in the old forests, with dominant individuals surviving better than subordinates. Our results show that changes in CORT secretion reflect responses to habitat quality and climate harshness, indicating young managed coniferous forests as a suboptimal habitat for the willow tit. 相似文献
369.
Michel G. J. den Elzen Niklas Höhne Markus M. Hagemann Jasper van Vliet Detlef P. van Vuuren 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(5):433-465
The Bali Action Plan as adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2007, states that Annex I (developed) countries should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, based on comparable efforts. Within this context, we have explored various comparable effort approaches (for example, equal marginal abatement costs for all countries) for reducing emissions by the year 2020 for individual countries and regions. In all calculations, the total reduction for Annex I countries as a group is assumed to be 30% below 1990 levels. In the analysis, we compare the reduction targets as calculated from the different approaches with the emission reductions as pledged by these countries as part of the Copenhagen Accord, as drafted under the UNFCCC in 2009. Our analysis indicates that the different elements in these calculations may cause a diversity in outcomes and that, therefore, individual countries may favour certain elements over others. These elements include (a) the choice of the approach itself (the same approach may produce very different outcomes for countries with diverging national circumstances, such as Canada and Russia); (b) the reference year (such as 1990 or 2006 emissions, is very important for countries with an increase in emissions since 1990 (e.g. the United States, Canada) or for those that have lower emission levels (e.g. Russia, the Ukraine)); and (c) rules on land use (these are important for countries with large forest areas). It should be noted that the stringency of the individual countries’ reductions as pledged, differs substantially from the stringency of the reduction targets calculated from the effort-sharing approaches. The current pledges by both the European Union and the United States, are lower than the reductions that would be obtained in the effort-sharing approaches for a 30% overall reduction in Annex I countries. 相似文献
370.
Albrecht M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(12):951-966
This review gives an introduction into supramolecular chemistry describing in the first part general principles, focusing on terms like noncovalent interaction, molecular recognition, self-assembly, and supramolecular function. In the second part those will be illustrated by simple examples from our laboratories. Supramolecular chemistry is the science that bridges the gap between the world of molecules and nanotechnology. In supramolecular chemistry noncovalent interactions occur between molecular building blocks, which by molecular recognition and self-assembly form (functional) supramolecular entities. It is also termed the "chemistry of the noncovalent bond." Molecular recognition is based on geometrical complementarity based on the "key-and-lock" principle with nonshape-dependent effects, e.g., solvatization, being also highly influential. Self-assembly leads to the formation of well-defined aggregates. Hereby the overall structure of the target ensemble is controlled by the symmetry features of the certain building blocks. Finally, the aggregates can possess special properties or supramolecular functions, which are only found in the ensemble but not in the participating molecules. This review gives an introduction on supramolecular chemistry and illustrates the fundamental principles by recent examples from our group. 相似文献