Removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and their degradation intermediates at low temperatures during activated sludge treatment

The degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and their degradation intermediates (sulfophenylcarboxylic acids) has been characterized at 9 degrees C in an activated sludge pilot plant. After an adequate adaptation period (20 days), LAS primary degradation exceeds 99% and takes place preferentially for long alkyl chain homologues and external isomers. LAS homologues in the reactor are preferentially sorbed onto particulate matter, while sulfophenylcarboxylic acids (SPCs) are present predominantly in solution, due to their lower hydrophobicity. During the adaptation period the most abundant LAS biodegradation intermediates were long chain sulfophenylcarboxylic acids (SPCs) (C(9)-C(13)SPC). However once this system is fully adapted, the microorganisms are capable of degrading SPCs efficiently. SPCs with 7-9 carbon atoms in the carboxylic chain predominate due to their degradation being slower than for the rest of the SPCs. The presence of C(13)SPC confirms that LAS degradation in wastewater starts with a omega-oxidation on the alkylic chain. A preferential degradation of SPC isomers of the types 2phiC(n)SPC to 6phiC(n)SPC was also detected, as shown by the relatively higher SPC concentrations of the remaining ones.     

Dye-sensitized photodegradation of the fungicide carbendazim and related benzimidazoles

The present work studies the visible-light-promoted photodegradation of the colorless fungicide carbendazim (methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate) and several 2-substituted benzimidazoles (SBZ's), in water or water-methanol solution, in the presence of air and, as a photosensitizer, the synthetic xanthene dye Rose Bengal (RB) or the natural pigment riboflavin (Rf). The results indicate that the degradation of each particular SBZ depends on its chemical structure and on the sensitizer employed. In the presence of RB, the degradation always operates via a singlet molecular oxygen (O(2)((1)Delta(g)))-mediated mechanism, through a highly efficient process, as deduced from the comparison of the rate constants for physical and chemical quenching of O(2)((1)Delta(g)). In the presence of Rf, the visible-light irradiation of any of the studied SBZ's produces a series of competitive processes that depend on the relative concentrations of Rf and SBZ. These processes include the quenching of excited singlet and triplet Rf states by the SBZ and the generation of both O(2)((1)Delta(g)) and superoxide radical anion (O(2)(-)), the latter generated by electron transfer from excited Rf species to the dissolved oxygen. The overall result is the photodegradation of the SBZ and the photoprotection of the sensitizer.     

High surface area materials prepared from sewage sludge-based precursors

This paper focuses on physical activation (CO2) and chemical activation (H3PO4, NaOH and KOH) of sewage sludge-based precursors. Our results show that (i) a simple acid washing treatment leads to a significant increase in the adsorption capacity of some precursors; (ii) under the experimental conditions tested, CO2 physical activation and chemical activation with H3PO4 were ineffective for an efficient porosity development and (iii) choosing an appropriate protocol, it is possible to obtain highly porous materials (700-1700 m2 g(-1)) by chemical activation of sludge-based precursors with alkaline hydroxides. The efficiency of the chemical activation with NaOH or KOH is very much influenced by the method used for mixing the activating agent and the precursor. The BET values of the materials obtained when physically mixing ground hydroxides with the precursor almost doubled the values obtained if other mixing methods are employed. Increasing the hydroxide:precursor ratio leads to an enhancement of the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents, with BET values ranging from 689 to 1224 m2 g(-1) for NaOH activation and from 853 to 1686 m2 g(-1) for KOH activation.     

Surveillance programme on dioxin levels in soils in the Campo de Gibraltar (southwest Spain)

The results of an epidemiologic study undertaken by the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) after commission by the Spanish Parliament indicated that Huelva and Cádiz were the zones in Andalusia with elevated risk of cancer. A 6% (women) and 10% (men) cancer mortality excess was observed with respect to the other six Andalusian provinces. Huelva and Cádiz are located in the south-western region of Spain, and are characterized by a strong industrial activity concentrated in several industrial sites. This situation led to two environmental surveys in these areas, in which the presence of dioxins was studied among other parameters. A PCDD/F assessment in soils of the Campo de Gibraltar (Cádiz) was carried out from June 2003 to June 2004. A total of 20 samples were collected in this study divided in two sampling campaigns. The first 10 samples were taken in locations affected by high industrial activity zones as well as in landfills (hotspots). The rest of the samples were collected in areas that were not expected to be contaminated, such as agricultural zones and forests. I-TEQ values of the samples ranged from 0.26 to 15.08 ng/kg dm. In all, 85% of the samples were below the limit of 5 ng I-TEQ/kg I-TEQ concentrations of three samples only surpassed this limit. These zones corresponded to a landfill, a quarry used for dumping chemical product containers and a sample from the sewage system of the industrial site. These sites were used neither for agricultural nor for public purposes.     

Geochemistry of leachates from the El Fraile sulfide tailings piles in Taxco, Guerrero, southern Mexico

Leachates from the El Fraile tailings impoundment (Taxco, Mexico) were monitored every 2 months from October 2001 to August 2002 to assess the geochemical characteristics. These leachates are of interest because they are sometimes used as alternative sources of domestic water. Alternatively, they drain into the Cacalotenango creek and may represent a major source of metal contamination of surface water and sediments. Most El Fraile leachates show characteristics of Ca–SO₄, (Ca+Mg)–SO₄, Mg–SO₄ and Ca–(SO₄+HCO₃) water types and are near-neutral (pH=6.3–7.7). Some acid leachates are generated by the interaction of meteoric water with tailings during rainfall events (pH=2.4–2.5). These contain variable levels of SO₄ ²⁻ (280–29,500 mg l⁻¹) and As (<0.01–12.0 mg l⁻¹) as well as Fe (0.025–2352 mg l⁻¹), Mn (0.1–732 mg l⁻¹), Zn (<0.025–1465 mg l⁻¹) and Pb (<0.01–0.351 mg l⁻¹). Most samples show the highest metal enrichment during the dry seasons. Leachates used as domestic water typically exceed the Mexican Drinking Water Guidelines for sulfate, hardness, Fe, Mn, Pb and As, while acidic leachates exceed the Mexican Guidelines for Industrial Discharge Waters for pH, Cu, Cd and As. Speciation shows that in near-neutral solutions, metals exist mainly as free ions, sulfates and bicarbonates, while in acidic leachates they are present as sulfates and free ions. Arsenic appears as As^(V) in all samples. Thermodynamic and mineralogical evidence indicates that precipitation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides, clay minerals and jarosite as well as sorption by these minerals are the main processes controlling leachate chemistry. These processes occur mainly after neutralization by interaction with bedrock and equilibration with atmospheric oxygen.     

Antimony content of macrofungi from clean and polluted areas

Species of macrofungi (mushrooms) were collected from clean areas and analyzed for their antimony content. These were compared to species collected from extremely polluted areas in the vicinity of a lead smelter and on mine and slag dumps. Antimony content was determined using long-term instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Ectomycorrhizal and terrestrial saprobic macrofungi were examined. Antimony content of macrofungi from the clean areas was mostly less than 100 μg kg⁻¹ (dry mass). The highest concentrations (units of mg kg⁻¹) were found in various species of the ectomycorrhizal genera Chalciporus and Suillus. Antimony contents of macrofungi growing in the polluted areas were considerably higher. The highest content was found in a single collection of Chalciporus piperatus (1423 mg kg⁻¹).     

Characterization of surface marine sediments from Ría de Arousa estuary according to extractable humic matter content

Surface marine sediments from Ría de Arousa estuary were analyzed for humic and fulvic acids by UV-visible spectrometry and have been characterized using elemental analysis (carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental composition) and spectrometric data (A2/A4 ratio, absorbancies at 270 and 407 nm and E4/E6 ratio, absorbancies at 465 and 665 nm). These variables have been used as discriminating factors to distinguish of marine and terrestrial origin of humic and fulvic acids in Ría de Arousa surface marine sediments. Principal component analysis, PCA, and cluster analysis, CA, have been used as unsupervised pattern recognition procedures. The half-range central value transformation was used as data pre-treatment to homogenize data. After a Varimax rotation, PCA applied to humic acid data has reveled that spectrometric A2/A4 and E4/E6 ratios are the main dominating features in the first principal component (48.6% of total variance), the humic acid content is the feature with the highest weight in the second principal component (22.9% of the total variability) and the carbon elemental composition domain in the third principal component (13.3% of total variance). Results from PCA have revealed that surface sediments collected at inner-left part of the estuary and at the mouth of the river Ulla belong to the same group. Similarly, PCA has shown that surface sediments from the right mouth of the estuary form a compact group. Taking in account the water circulation in Ría de Arousa estuary, these findings mean that the organic matter in surface sediments from the inner-left part of the estuary derived mainly from terrestrial organic matter while the organic matter in surface sediments from the right mouth of the estuary is mainly derived from marine sources. Finally, it must be noticed that any classification of surface sediments was assessed when applying of PCA and CA from fulvic acids data.     

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus) have lower chlorinated hydrocarbon contents in northern Baja California, México, than in California, USA

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) were determined in blubber samples of 18 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus) that stranded dead along Todos Santos Bay, Ensenada, Baja California, México, January 2000-November 2001. Summation operatorDDTs were the dominant group (geometric mean 3.8 microg/g lipid weight), followed by polychlorinated biphenyls ( summation operatorPCBs, 2.96 microg/g), chlordanes (0.12 microg/g) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (0.06 microg/g). The summation operatorDDTs/ summation operatorPCBs ratio was 1.3. We found CH levels more than one order of magnitude lower than those reported for California sea lion samples collected along the California coast, USA, during the same period as our study. This sharp north-south gradient suggests that Z. californianus stranded in Ensenada (most of them males) would probably have foraged during the summer near rookeries 500-1000 km south of Ensenada and the rest of the year migrate northwards, foraging along the Baja California peninsula, including Ensenada, and probably farther north.     

Presence of plutonium contamination in soils from Palomares (Spain)

More than 30 years after the occurrence of an aircraft accident which involved the detonation of two nuclear weapons in the surrounding area of the village of Palomares (Spain), the affected terrestrial area has been investigated for remaining transuranic contamination. Evidence from the presence of this contamination was initially found through the analysis of the 241Am inventories in superficial soil samples collected in the region, and was confirmed through the analysis of the (239+240)Pu inventories and their associated 238Pu/(239+240)Pu activity ratios in the same samples. However, it was also observed that a considerable fraction of the remaining contamination in the area was present in particulate form, i.e. as "hot particles". The work performed in our laboratory for identification, isolation and characterisation of these "hot particles" as well as some conclusions obtained from these analyses are outlined in this paper.     

Ecotoxicity, phytotoxicity and extractability of heavy metals from different stabilised sewage sludges

The presence of heavy metals in the sludges produced in wastewater treatment plants restricts their use for agricultural purposes. This study compares different types of sludges (aerobic, anaerobic, unstabilised and sludge from a waste stabilisation pond) in order to assess the extractability of heavy metals using simple extraction, water and DTPA. The stabilisation treatment undergone by the sludges influenced the heavy metals extractability. The least mineralised sludges (unstabilised and aerobic) showed higher metal extractability. The sewage sludges were subjected to chemical characterisation and toxicity testing (ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity assays) in absence of substrate, to provide a preliminary assessment of their suitability for land application. The ecotoxicity assays confirmed that no sludge constituted a hazardous waste. The sludge extracts had significant adverse effect on the germination index (GI) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.), a fact which indicates that some characteristics affected root growth.