新化矿区煤矸石中微量元素赋存形态及浸出特征

利用BCR连续提取法和浸泡实验,对贵州省新化煤矿区不同风化程度的煤矸石中微量元素As、Cd、V、Zn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb的赋存形态及浸出浓度进行研究。赋存形态研究结果表明:在煤矸石中As和Cd元素主要以酸溶态、可还原态和可氧化态形式赋存,而其他微量元素V、Zn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb主要以残渣态形式赋存;除了V元素的赋存形态含量百分比不受煤矸石风化程度影响外,其它微量元素的赋存形态的含量百分比均会受到煤矸石风化程度的影响。煤矸石的浸出实验表明:浸泡时间是影响煤矸石中微量元素释放的一个重要因素;在浸泡过程中,大部分微量元素在浸泡前期的浸出浓度受煤矸石风化程度的影响,Zn和Cu元素则是在整个浸泡过程的浸出浓度均受到煤矸石风化程度的影响;不同粒径大小的煤矸石在浸泡过程中,除微量元素As和Co的浸出浓度不受煤矸石粒径大小的影响,其他微量元素在浸泡前期和中期的浸出浓度均与煤矸石的粒径大小呈反比。     

Development of the Metropolitan Water Availability Index (MWAI) and short-term assessment with multi-scale remote sensing technologies

Global climate change will influence environmental conditions including temperature, surface radiation, soil moisture, and sea level, and it will also significantly impact regional-scale hydrologic processes such as evapotranspiration (ET), precipitation, runoff, and snowmelt. The quantity and quality of water available for drinking and other domestic usage is also likely to be affected by changes in these processes. Consequently, it is necessary to assess and reflect upon the challenges ahead for water infrastructure and the general public in metropolitan regions. One approach to the problem is to use index-based assessment, forecasting and planning. The drought indices previously developed were not developed for domestic water supplies, and thus are insufficient for the purpose of such an assessment. This paper aims to propose and develop a “Metropolitan Water Availability Index (MWAI)” to assess the status of both the quantity and quality of available potable water sources diverted from the hydrologic cycle in a metropolitan region. In this approach, the accessible water may be expressed as volume per month or week (i.e., m³/month or m³/week) relative to a prescribed historical record, and such a trend analysis may result in final MWAI values ranging from ?1 to +1 for regional water management decision making. The MWAI computation uses data and information from both historical point measurements and spatial remote-sensing based monitoring. Variables such as precipitation, river discharge, and water quality changes at drinking water plant intakes at specific locations are past “point” measurements in MWAI calculations. On the other hand, remote sensing provides information on both spatial and temporal distributions of key variables. Examples of remote-sensing images and sensor network technologies are in-situ sensor networks, ground-based radar, air-borne aircraft, and even space-borne satellites. A case study in Tampa Bay, Florida is described to demonstrate the short-term assessment of the MWAI concept at a practical level. It is anticipated that such a forecasting methodology may be extended for middle-term and long-term water supply assessment.     

Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990–2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000–2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment.     

Removal of copper from a copper sulphate solution using an ultrasonic-electrolysis process

The application of ultrasonic-electrolysis process for the removal of copper is studied.In the ultrasonic field cavitation acts as jets and agitates the solution and breaks the barrier layer between the cathode surface and the bulk of the solution.Thus increases metal deposition on the cathode surface.The results show that an ultrasonic field is successful for the removal of low copper concentrations in solution.     

中国暖季近地面臭氧浓度空间格局演变及主要气象驱动因素

中国的近地面臭氧（O₃）浓度在2015~2018年间持续升高,已成为仅次于颗粒物的重要大气污染物.基于中国337个城市2015~2018年暖季（4~9月）的实时O₃浓度数据和气象数据,利用趋势分析、空间自相关、热点分析和多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）,研究了2015~2018年中国暖季地表O₃浓度的空间演变格局,探讨了气象因素对其驱动的空间差异性.结果表明：①中国暖季O₃浓度整体呈显著升高趋势（P<0.05）,平均升高速率为0.28 μg·（m³·a）^-1,其中超过55%的城市O₃浓度每年升高0.50 μg·m^-3;②O₃浓度存在明显的区域差异,高值区（平均浓度>60 μg·m^-3）分布在华东、华北、华中和西北部分地区;低值区（平均浓度<20 μg·m^-3）分布在华南和西南地区;③O₃浓度变化趋势在空间上存在位于华东、华北、西北以及华中地区的热点区域和位于西南、华南（广西）以及东北地区的冷点区域;④气温是中国暖季O₃变化的主要气象驱动因素,其对华北、西北和东北地区O₃浓度的影响显著高于其他地区;除广西、云南和江西部分地区外,O₃浓度与气温呈显著正相关;O₃浓度在华南、华东和华中大部分地区与风速呈显著负相关,O₃浓度在华北和东北部分地区与风速呈显著正相关;除辽宁、山东、河北、甘肃、广东及西南部分地区外,O₃浓度与云层覆盖度呈显著负相关;除西北和西南部分地区外,O₃浓度与降水呈显著负相关.     

Tool wear of coated drills in drilling CFRP

This study aimed to investigate the wear of certain coated drills when drilling carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP). Three different drills were used in the drilling experiments: uncoated, diamond coated and AlTiN coated carbide (WC–Co) drills. The tool wear in CFRP machining was quite different from that in conventional metal machining. The primary wear type was a dulling or blunting of the cutting edge, which has been referred to as edge rounding wear or edge recession. In this paper, a hypothesis has been developed to explain the edge rounding wear in CFRP machining. Due to the fracture-based chip formation of CFRP, there is lack of the work material stagnation zone in front of the cutting edge, which normally prevents the edge wear in metal machining. Series of wear lead to rapid dulling of the cutting edge. The resistance to edge rounding wear on the coated as well as uncoated drills has been investigated. The diamond coating significantly reduces the edge rounding wear. However, AlTiN coated drills showed no visible improvement over the uncoated carbide drill, despite of their high hardness, thus not protecting the drill. The wear mechanisms of the uncoated carbide drill and coatings are discussed. It is believed that the 2-body and 3-body abrasive wear fail to explain the observed tool wear in CFRP drilling. However, the wear of the coatings and uncoated carbide substrate from tribo-meter tests correlated well with the tool wear in the CFRP drilling. Therefore, the tribo-meter test can be used to screen the prospective tool materials before carrying drilling experiment.     

石英羟基水-分子水的分馏系数与常规混合水δD分析的关系

采集了 4个不同地区花岗岩石英、热液脉石英 ,分析其中包裹体分子水与结构羟基水的含量、包裹体分子水的δDinclusion、结构羟基水的δDOH,计算了结构羟基水 包裹体分子水之间的D/H分馏系数αOH inclusion。考查了混合水 (结构羟基水 +包裹体分子水 )δDwhole water与单独包裹体水δDinclusion之间的差别 ,分析了这种差别与分馏系数αOH inclusion的关系。结果表明 :花岗岩样品中两种水之间的分馏系数小 ,分馏程度大 ,在常规分析中 ,若采用测定混合水δDwhole water值代表实际流体 (包裹体水 )δDinclusion值时 ,二者间有较大的差异。热液石英脉样品总体来说分馏系数接近于 1,分馏程度小 ,常规分析中引起的二者之间差异小。常规的分析方法用于分馏程度小的热液脉石英是可行的 ,但进行花岗岩石英水的氢同位素分析时有必要区分出包裹体水与羟基水。     

Funipuncture for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy

The most widely used method for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormalities (TOPFA) consists of injecting of potassium chloride (KCl) into the fetal heart and is likely to be painful after 22 weeks of gestation. We studied ten consecutive women undergoing TOPFA between 22 and 38 weeks. This technique for fetocide consisted of a single umbilical vein puncture under ultrasound guidance with injections of sufentanil 5 µg followed by KCl 2 g. No electrocardiographic modifications could be observed and maternal plasma potassium levels did not show any significant variation throughout the procedure. Fetal umbilical phlebotomy for fetal analgesia followed by fetocide therefore appears to be a safe procedure for the mother and allows the fetus to die without pain when late termination of pregnancy (TOP) is indicated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.